Ecosystems and communities
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| Day-to-day condition of Earth's atmosphere at a particular time and place | Weather
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| Year-after-year conditions of temperature and precipitation in a particular region | Climate
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| Natural situation in which heat is retained in Earth's atmosphere by carbon dioxide, methane, water vapor, and other gases | Greenhouse effect
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| Cold areas where sun's rays strike Earth at a very low angle; located around North and South poles | Polar zones
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| Between polar zone and tropics | Temperate zones
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| Near the equator, between 23.5 degrees North and South latitudes | Tropical zones
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| Biological influences on organisms within an ecosystem | Biotic factors
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| Physical, or nonliving, factors that shape ecosystems | Abiotic factors
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| The full range of physical and biological conditions in which an organism lives and the way in which the organism uses those conditions | Niche
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| Any necessity of life | Resource
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| Ecological rule that states that no two species can occupy the same niche in the same habitat at the same time | Competitive exclusion principle
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| An interaction in which one organism captures and feeds on another organism | Predation
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| Any relationship in which two species live closely together | Symbiosis
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| Both species benefit from the relationship | Mutualism
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| One member of the association benefits and the other is neither helped nor harmed | Commensalism
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| One organism lives on or inside another organism and harms it | Parasitism
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| Series of predictable changes that occurs in a community over time | Ecological succession
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| Succession that occurs on surfaces where no soil exists | Primary succession
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| First species to populate the area | Pioneer species
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| When a disturbance is over, community interactions tend to restore the ecosystem to its original condition | Secondary succession
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| Ability to survive and reproduce under conditions that differ from their optimal conditions | Tolerance
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| Climate in a small area that differs from the climate around it | Microclimate
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| Dense covering of tropical rain forests | Canopy
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| A second layer of shorter trees and vines | Understory
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| A tree that sheds its leaves during a particular season each year | Deciduous
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| A tree that produces seed-bearing cones and most have leaves shaped like needles | Coniferous
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| A material formed from decaying leaves and other organic matter that makes soil fertile | Humus
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| Biome in which the winters are cold but summers are mild enough to allow the ground to thaw | Taiga
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| A layer of permanently frozen subsoil | Permafrost
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| A general term for the tiny, free-floating organisms that live in both freshwater and saltwater environments | Plankton
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| Unicellular algae | Phytoplankton
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| Planktonic animals | Zooplankton
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| An ecosystem in which water either covers the soil or is present at or near the surface of the soil for at least part of the year | Wetland
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| Wetlands formed where rivers meet the sea | Estuaries
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| Made up of tiny pieces of organic material that provide food for organisms at the base of the estuary's food web | Detritus
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| Temperate-zone estuaries dominated by salt-tolerant grasses above the low-tide line, and by seagrasses under water | Salt marshes
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| Coastal wetlands that are widespread across tropical regions | Mangrove swamps
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| Well-lit upper layer of the oceans | Photic zone
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| Permanently dark layer of the oceans below the photic zone | Aphotic zone
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| Prominent horizontal banding of organisms that live in a particular habitat | Zonation
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| Marine zone that extends from the lowtide mark to the end of the continental shelf | Coastal ocean
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| Coastal ocean community named for its dominant organism - kelp, a giant brown alga | Kelp forests
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| Diverse and productive environment named for the coral animals that make up its primary structure | Coral reefs
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| Organisms that live attached to or near the ocean floor | Benthos
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