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Chapter 5 Vocabulary
AP Human Geography
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Identity | How people make sense of themselves and how they see themselves at different scales. |
| Identifying against | Constructing an identity by first defining an “other” and then defining self”not the other.” |
| Gender | Socially constructed ideas of roles, behaviors, and activities that are appropriate for men and woman. |
| Race | Social constructions of differences among humans based on skin color that have had profound consequences on rights and opportunities. |
| Residential Segregation | Degree to which two or more groups live separately from one another, in different parts of an urban environment. |
| Succession | Process by which new immigrants move to a city and take over areas or neighborhoods occupied by older immigrant groups. |
| Ethnicity | Identity shared by a group of people who have a common culture, generally based on cultural traits (religion, language), national origin, or race. |
| Structures of power | Assumptions and relationships dictating who is in control and who has power over others. |
| Sexuality | Sexual orientation or preference identified by a person. |
| Intersectionality | Interconnection and overlap between social categories (e.g. race, sexuality, class, gender). |
| Gross national income (GNI) | A measurement of a country’s wealth that includes the total value of all goods and services produced within the borders of a country, plus income received from investments outside of the country in a year. |
| Formal economy | Economic productivity in agriculture, mining, industry, and services, that is counted or taxed by government. Trade is through formal channels, often using credit. |
| Informal economy | Portion of the economy that is not taxed or regulated by government. Goods and services are exchanged based on barter or cash systems, and earnings are not reported to government. |
| Vulnerability | Probability of destruction of life or property from a hazard or crisis. |
| Sex ratio | Number of males relative to number of females in a population. |
| Dowry | Price paid in cash and gifts through marriage. Generally given by the bride’s family to the groom’s father. |
| Barrioization | Dramatic increase in Hispanic population in a neighborhood; referring to barrio, the Spanish word for neighborhood (defined by geographer James Curtis). |
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