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Unit Four
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Judiciary Act of 1789 | A law that increased he number of federal judges, allowing President John Adams to fill most of the new posts with Federalists |
| Cabinet | The group of department heads who serve as the president's chief advisers |
| Bank of the United States | Either of the two national banks, funded by the federal government and private investors, established by Congress, the first in 1791 and the second in 1816 |
| Whiskey Rebellion | A tax protest in the United States beginning in 1791 and ending in 1794 during the presidency of George Washington, ultimately under the command of American Revolutionary war veteran Major James McFarlane |
| Excise tax | A tax on the production, sale, or consumption of goods produced within a country |
| Two-party system | A political system dominated by two major parties |
| Federalists | Supporters of the Constitution and a strong national government |
| Democratic-Republicans | Political party known for its support of strong state governments, founded by Thomas Jefferson in 1792 in opposition to the Federalist Party |
| Alien and Sedition Acts | A series of four laws enacted in 1798 to reduce the political power of recent immigrants to the United States |
| XYZ Affair | A 1797 incident in which French officials demanded a bribe from U.S. diplomas |
| Benjamin Banneker | A free African American almanac author, surveyor, naturalist, and farmer; Born in Baltimore County, Maryland, to a free African American woman and a former slave, Banneker had little formal education and was largely self-taught |
| John Marshall | An American politician who served as the fourth Chief Justice of the United States from 1801 to 1835 |
| Marbury v. Madison | An 1803 case in which the Supreme Court ruled that it had the power to abolish legislative acts by declaring them unconstitutional; this power came to be known as judicial review |
| Midnight judge | One of the judges appointed by John Adams in the last hours of his administration |
| Judicial review | The Supreme Court's power to declare an act of Congress unconstitutional |
| Cumberland Gap | A pass through the Cumberland Mountains region of the Appalachian Mountains at the junction of the U.S. states of Tennessee, Kentucky, and Virginia |
| Louisiana Purchase | The 1803 purchase by the United States of France's Louisiana Territory---texting from the Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains---for $15 million |
| Lewis and Clark expedition | An expedition sent by Thomas Jefferson to explore the northwestern territories of the United States; led by Meriwether Lewis and William Clark; traveled from St. Louis to the mouth of the Columbia River from 1803 to 1806. Example of: expedition |
| Sacajawea | A Lemhi Shoshone woman who is known for her help to the Lewis and Clark Expedition in achieving their chartered mission objectives by exploring the Louisiana Territory |
| Impressment | The forcible seizure of men for military service |
| Chesapeake Incident | A naval engagement that occurred off the coast of Norfolk between the British warship HMS Leopard and the American frigate USS Chesapeake ---- Leopard pursued, attacked, and boarded the American frigate, looking for deserters from the Royal Navy |
| Embargo | A government ban on trade with one or more other nations |
| War Hawk | One of the members of Congress who favored war with Britain in the early years of the 19th century |
| Tecumseh | An American Indian chief of the Shawnee tribe---He attempted to unite western Indian tribes against the White people, but was defeated at Tippecanoe (1811)---He was killed while fighting for the British in the War of 1812 |
| Treaty of Ghent | The 1814 treaty that ended the War of 1812 |
| Rush-Bagot agreement | A treaty between the United States and the United Kingdom limiting naval armaments on the Great Lakes and Lake Champlain, following the War of 1812 |
| Adams-Onis Treaty | An 1819 agreement in which Spain gave over control of the territory of Florida to the United States |
| Monroe Doctrine | A policy of U.S. opposition to any European interference in he affairs of the Western Hemisphere, announced by President Monroe in 1823 |
| McCulloch v. Maryland | An 1819 case in which the Supreme Court ruled that Maryland had no right to tax the Bank of the United States, thereby strengthening the power of the federal government's control over the economy |
| Gibbons v. Ogden | A landmark decision in which the Supreme Court of the United States held that the power to regulate interstate commerce, granted to Congress by the Commerce Clause of the United States Constitution, encompassed the power to regulate navigation |
| 12th Amendment | Provides the procedure for electing the President and Vice President----It replaced the procedure provided in Article II, Section 1, Clause 3, by which the Electoral College originally functioned |
| Tariff of 1816 | A protective tariff designed to aid American industries |
| Industrial Revolution | The charge in social and economic organization that resulted from the replacement o hand tools with machines and from the development of large-scale industrial production |
| National Road | A federally funded road begun in 1811 and by 1838 extending from Cumberland, Maryland to Vandalia, Illinois |
| Clermont | The first steamboat in public service (1807), designed by American engineer Robert Fulton and built in New York City by Charles Brown with the financial backing of Robert Livingston |
| Erie Canal | A 363-mile-long artificial waterway connecting the Hudson River with Lake Erie, built between 1817 and 1825 |
| American System | A pre-Civil War set of measures designed to unify the nation and strengthen its economy by means of protective tariffs, a national bank, and such internal improvements as the development of a transportation system |
| Cotton gin | A machine for cleaning the seeds from cotton fibers, invented by Eli Whitney in 1793 |
| Missouri Compromise | A series of agreements passes by Congress in 1820-1821 to maintain the balance of power between slave states and free states |
| 2nd Great Awakening | A 19-century religious movement in which individual responsibility for seeking salvation way emphasized, along with the need for personal and social improvement |
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