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Anthropology Test 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Cohen's Adaptive Strategies | Foraging, horticulture, agriculture, pastoralism, industrialism |
| Foraging | Searching for food sources |
| Horiculture | Nonindustrial system of plant cultivation in which plots lie fallow for varying lengths of time |
| Agriculture | Nonindustrial system of plant cultivation characterized by continuous and intensive use of land and labor |
| Pastoralism | Raising livestock |
| Foragers | Hunters/gatherers |
| Symbiosis | The pattern in which a particular society resides in an ecological habitat divided into different resources areas that become interdependent |
| Transhumance | One of two variants of pastoralism; part of the population moves seasonally with the herd while the other part remains in home villages |
| Nomadism | Herds must move to use pasture available in particular places in different seasons |
| Sedentism | Practice of living in one place for a long time |
| Potlatch | A festive event within a regional exchange system among tribes of the North Pacific Coast of North America |
| Service's Four Kinds of Sociopolitical Organization | Band, tribe, chiefdom, state |
| Band | A small, kin-based group found among foragers |
| Tribe | Form of sociopolitical organization usually based on horticulture/pastoralism; rules are absent in tribes; no means of enforcing political decisions |
| Chiefdom | Kin-based with different access to resources and a permanent political structure |
| State | System that administers a territory and populace with substantial contrasts in occupation, wealth, prestige, and power; independent, centrally organized political unit; government |
| Big Man | Elaborate version of the village head, but has supporters in several villages; regulator of regional political organization |
| Head Man | Multiple facets |
| Authority | The formal, socially approved use of power (ex: by government officials) |
| Power | The ability to exercise one's will over others - to do what one wants; the basis of political status |
| Ascribed Status | Social status (ex: race, gender) that people have little or no choice about occupying |
| Achieved Status | Social status that comes through talents, actions, efforts, activities, and accomplishments, rather than ascription |
| Patrilocality | Customary residence with the husband's relatives after marriage, so that children grow up in their father's community |
| Matrilocality | Customary residence with the wife's relatives after marriage, so that children grow up in their mother's community |
| Neolocality | Postmarital residence pattern in which a couple establishes a new place of residence rather than living with or near either set of parents |
| Incest | Sexual relations with a close relative |
| Totems | An animal, plant, or geographic feature associated with a specific social group, to which that totem is sacred or symbolically important |
| Extended Family | Expanded household including three or more generations |
| Lineage | Unilineal descent group based on demonstrated descent |
| Clan | Unilineal descent group based on stipulated descent |
| Nuclear Family | A kinship group consisting of parents and children |
| Expanded Family Households | Those that include nonnuclear relatives |
| Family of Procreation | Nuclear family established when one marries and has children |
| Family of Orientation | Nuclear family in which one is born and grows up |
| Matrilineal | Unilineal descent rule in which people join the mother's group automatically at birth and stay members throughout life |
| Head Man | Head guy of sociopolitical group |
| Patrilineal | Unilineal descent rule in which people join the father's group automatically at birth and stay members throughout life |
| Exogamy | Mating or marriage outside one's kin group; a cultural universal |
| Endogamy | Marriage between people of the same social group |
| Polygyny | Variety of plural marriage in which a man has more than one wife |
| Polyandry | Variety of plural marriage in which a woman has more than one husband |
| Polygamy | Marriage with three or more spouses, at the same time |
| Nayars of Southern India | Female-headed households, husbands and wives did not live together |
| Kinship | Blood relationship |
| Animism | Belief in souls or doubles |
| Monotheism | Worship of an eternal, omniscient, omnipotent, and omnipresent supreme being |
| Polytheism | Belief in several deities who control aspects of nature |
| Evangelicalism | Of or according to the teaching of the gospel or the Christian religion |
| Pentecostalism | Of, relating to, or being any of various Christian religious congregations whose members seek to be filled with the Holy Spirit, in emulation of the Apostles at Pentecost |
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archergirl
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