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HSCI 131
Chapter 8 Cardiovascular System
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| autonomic nervous system | portion of the nervous system that regulates involuntary actions, such as heart rate, digestion and peristalsis |
| leaflet | flat, leaf-shaped structure that comprises the valves of the heart and prevents back flow of blood |
| lumen | tubular space or channel within an organ structure of the body; space within an artery, vein, intestine, or tube |
| regurgitation | back flow or ejecting of contents through an opening |
| sphincter | circular muscle found in a tubular structure or hollow organ that constricts or dilates to regulate passage of substances through its opening |
| vasoconstriction | narrowing of the lumen of a blood vessel that limits blood flow, usually as a result of diseases, medications, or physiological processes |
| vasodilation | widening of the lumen of a blood vessel caused by the relaxing of the muscles of the vascular walls |
| viscosity | state of being sticky or gummy |
| aneurysm/o | widened blood vessel |
| aneurysmorrhaphy | suture of an aneurysm |
| angi/o | vessel |
| vascul/o | vessel |
| angioplasty | surgical repair of a vessel |
| aort/o | aorta |
| arteri/o | artery |
| arteriorrhexis | rupture of an artery |
| arteriol/o | arteriole |
| atri/o | atrium |
| atriomegaly | enlargement of the atrium |
| ather/o | fatty plaque |
| cardi/o & coron/o | heart |
| electr/o | electricity |
| embol/o | embolus (plug) |
| hemangi/o | blood vessel |
| my/o | muscle |
| myocardial | pertaining to heart muscle |
| phleb/o | vein |
| phlebectasis | expansion of a vein |
| ven/o | vein |
| venostasis | standing still of blood in a vein |
| scler/o | hardening |
| arteriosclerosis | abnormal condition of hardening of the artery |
| sept/o | septum |
| septostomy | forming an opening in a septum |
| sphygm/o | pulse |
| sphygmoid | resembling a pulse |
| sten/o | narrowing, stricture |
| thromb/o | blood clot |
| thrombolysis | destruction of a blood clot |
| valv/o & valvul/o | valve |
| valvotomy | incision of a valve |
| vas/o | vessel |
| vasography | process of recording an image of a vessel |
| ventricul/o | ventricle (of the heart or brain) |
| -cardia | heart condition |
| tachycardia | rapid heartbeat |
| -gram | record, writing |
| -graph | instrument for recording |
| electrocardiograph | instrument for recording electrical activity of the heart |
| -graphy | process of recording |
| angiography | process of recording an image of a vessel |
| -stenosis | narrowing |
| brady- | slow |
| endo- | in, within |
| endovascular | pertaining to the area within a vessel |
| extra- | outside |
| extravascular | pertaining to the area outside a vessel |
| peri- | around |
| trans- | across |
| transseptal | across the septum |
| aneurysm | localized abnormal dilation of a vessel, usually an artery |
| angina | mild to severe suffocating pain that typically occurs in the chest and is caused by an inadequate blood flow to the myocardium |
| arrhythmia | irregularity in the rate of rhythm of the heart |
| bradycardia | arrhythmia in which the heart beats abnormally slowly, usually fewer than 60 beats per minute in a resting adult |
| fibrillation | arrhythmia in which there is an abnormally rapid, uncoordinated quivering of the myocardium that can affect the atria or the ventricles |
| heart block | arrhythmia in which there is interference with the normal transmission of electric impulses from the SA node to the Purkinje fibers |
| tachycardia | arrhythmia in which there is a fast but regular rhythm, with the heart possibly beating up to 200 beats per minute |
| arteriosclerosis | hardening and narrowing of an artery along with the loss of its elasticity |
| atherosclerosis | form of arteriosclerosis characterized by the deposit of plaques containing cholesterol and lipids that narrows the lumen of the arteries |
| carotid artery disease | narrowing of the carotid arteries, usually caused by atherosclerosis; may eventually lead to thrombus formation and stroke |
| bruit | soft blowing sound heard on auscultation, associated valvular action or with the movement of blood as it passes an obstruction or both |
| cardiomyopathy | disease or weakening of heart muscle that diminishes cardiac function |
| coarctation | narrowing of a vessel, especially the aorta |
| embolism | condition in which a mass (commonly a blood clot) becomes lodged in a blood vessel, obstructing blood flow |
| hyperlipidemia | excessive amounts of lipids (cholesterol, phospholipids, and triglycerides) in the blood |
| hypertension | elevated blood pressure persistently higher than 140/90 mm Hg |
| hypotension | low blood pressure persistently lower than 90/60 mm Hg |
| infarction | localized tissue necrosis due to the cessation of blood supply |
| ischemia | local, temporary deficiency of blood supply to an organ or tissue due to circulatory obstruction |
| mitral valve prolapse | structural defect in which the mitral (bicuspid) valve leaflets prolapse into the left atrium during ventricular contraction (systole), resulting in incomplete closure and back flow of blood |
| palpitation | sensation of an irregular heartbeat, commonly described as pounding, racing, skipping a beat, or flutter |
| phlebitis | inflammation of a deep or superficial vein of the arms or legs (more commonly the legs) |
| syncope | partial or complete loss of consciousness that is usually caused by a decreased supply of blood to the brain (AKA fainting) |
| thrombosis | abnormal condition in which a blood clot develops in a vessel and obstructs it at the site of its formation |
| deep vein thrombosis (DVT) | blood clot that forms in the deep veins of the body, especially those in the legs or thighs |
| defibrillation | electrical shock delivered randomly during the cardiac cycle to treat emergency life-threatening arrhythmias |
| cardioversion | defibrillation technique using low energy shocks to treat an arrhythmia and is usually synchronized with the large R waves of the ECG complex to restore normal heart rhythm |
| sclerotherapy | injection of a chemical irritant (sclerosing agent) into a vein to produce inflammation and fibrosis that destroys the lumen of the vein |
| thrombolysis | destruction of a blood clot using anticlotting agents called clot-busters such as tissue plasminogen activator |
| angioplasty | any endovascular procedure that reopens narrowed blood vessels and restores forward blood flow |
| percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) | angioplasty of the coronary arteries in which a balloon catheter is inserted through the skin into the right femoral artery and threaten to the site of the stenosis to enlarge the lumen of the artery and restore forward blood flow |
| biopsy | removal of a small piece of tissue for diagnostic purposes |
| arterial biopsy | removal of a segment of an arterial vessel wall to confirm inflammation of the wall or arteritis |
| catheter ablation | treatment for cardiac arrhythmias; usually performed under fluoroscopic guidance |
| commissurotomy | surgical separation of the leaflets of the mitral valve, which have fused together at their points of contact (commissures) |
| coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) | placement of a vessel graft from another part of the body to bypass the blocked part of a coronary artery and restore blood supply to the heart muscle |
| embolectomy | removal of an embolus |
| endarterectomy | removal of fatty plaque from the interior of an occluded vessel using a specially designed catheter fitted with a cutting or grinding device |
| automatic implantable cardioverter-defibrillator AICD insertion | implantation of a battery-powered device that monitors and automatically corrects ventricular tachycardia or fibrillation by sending electrical impulses to the heart in patients who are at risk of sudden cardiac death |
| laser ablation | procedure used to remove or treat varicose veins |
| open heart surgery | surgical procedure performed on or within the exposed heart, usually with the assistance of a heart-lung machine |
| stent placement | placement of a mesh tube inserted into a natural passage or conducts in the body to prevent or counteract a disease-induced, localized flow constriction |
| valvotomy | incision of a valve to increase the size of the opening; used in treating mitral stenosis |
| cardiac catheterization | passage of a catheter into the heart through a vein or artery to provide a comprehensive evaluation of the heart |
| electrophysiology study | procedure used to determine the cause of life-threatening cardiac arrhythmias by mapping the hearts conduction system in a patient with an arrhythmia |
| electrocardiography | procedure that graphically records the spread of electrical excitation to different parts of the heart using small metal electrodes applied to the chest, arms and legs |
| Holter monitor test | ECG taken with a small, portable recording system capable of storing up to 48 hours of ECG tracings |
| stress test | ECG taken under controlled exercise stress conditions (bicycle or treadmill) |
| cardiac enzyme studies | blood test that measures the presence and amount of cardiac enzymes in the blood, including troponin T, troponin I, and creatine kinase |
| lipid panel | series of blood tests used to assess risk factors of ischemic heart disease |
| angiography | radiographic image (angiogram) of the inside of a blood vessel after injection of a contract medium |
| aortography | angiography of the aorta and its branches after injection of a contrast medium |
| coronary angiography | angiography that is used to determine the degree of stenosis or obstruction of the arteries that supply blood to the heart |
| cardiac MRI | specialized MRI that provides information on both static and moving images of the heart, including blood flow and velocity |
| magnetic resonance angiography | type of MRI scan that uses a magnetic field and radio waves to provide detailed images of blood vessels |
| multiple-gated acquisition (MUGA) scan | nuclear procedure that uses radioactive tracers to detect how well the heart walls move as they contract and calculates the ejection fraction rate (amount of blood the ventricle can pump out in one contraction) |
| single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) | MUGA scan of the heart in which the gramma camera moves in a circle around the patient to create individual images as "slices" of the heart (tomography) |
| nuclear perfusion study | test used in conjunction with a stress test to detect the presence of coronary artery disease that is causing partial obstruction of the coronary arteries |
| ultrasonography | high frequency sound waves are directed at soft tissue and reflected as echoes to produce an image on a monitor of an internal body structure |
| doppler ultrasonography | ultrasound to assess blood flow through blood vessels and the heart |
| echocardiography | ultrasonography that is used to visualize internal cardiac structures, produce images of the heart, and assess cardiac output |
| venography | radiography of a vein after injection of a contrast medium to detect incomplete filling of a vein, indicating an obstruction |
| arteries | network of blood vessels. carry blood from the heart to all cells of the body. walls are strong and flexible |
| capillaries | microscopic vessels that join the arterial system with the venous system, most important of the three vessel types, capillaries have thin walls that enable the exchange of water, respiratory gases, macromolecules, metabolites, & waste bw the blood & cells |
| venules | capillaries merge to form these larger blood vessels |
| veins | combined venules that return blood to the heart from skeletal muscle contraction, gravity, respiratory activity and valves |
| tunica externa | outer coat of the arteries walls, composed of connective tissue that provides strength and flexibility |
| tunica media | middle layer of the arteries walls, composed of smooth muscle, can alter the size of the lumen, causes vasoconstriction when it contracts causing decreased blood flow, when it relaxes it causes vasodilation resulting in increased blood flow |
| tunica intima | thin inner lining of the lumen of the vessel, composed of endothelial cells that provide a smooth surface on the inside of the vessel |
| pulse | surge of blood felt in the arteries when blood is pumped from the heart |
| arterioles | small arteries |
| valves | small structures within veins that prevent backflow of bloood |
| heart | muscular pump that propels blood to the entire body through a closed vascular network. |
| pericardium | sac composed of three tissue layers where the heart is found |
| endocardium | serous membrane that lines the four chambers of the heart and its valves and is continuous with the endothelium of the arteries and veins |
| myocardium | the muscular layer of the heart |
| epicardium | outermost layer of the heart |
| 4 chambers of the heart | R and L atrium, R and L ventricle |
| right atrium and left atrium | upper chambers of the heart that collect blood |
| right ventricle and left ventricle | lower chambers of the heart that pump blood from the heart. RV pumps to the lungs (pulmonary circulation) for oxygenation, and the LV pumps oxygenated blood to the entire body (systemic circulation) |
| superior vena cava | collects and carries blood from the upper body, where blood from the body returns to the right atrium |
| inferior vena cava | collects and carries blood from the lower body, where blood from the body returns to the right atrium |
| tricuspid valve | blood goes from the RA through this valve, which consists of 3 leaflets, to the right ventricle. this valve closes during contraction of the ventricle to prevent backflow of blood to the right atrium |
| L and R pulmonary arteries | blood leaves the right ventricle by way of these arteries when the heart contracts and then travels to the lungs |
| pulmonic valve (pulmonary semilunar valve) | prevents regurgitation of blood into the right ventricle from the pulmonary artery |
| L and R pulmonary veins | pulmonary capillaries unite to form these 4 veins that carry oxygenated blood back to the heart to deposit blood in the left atrium then through the mitral valve to the left ventricle |
| mitral (bicuspid) valve | blood passes from the left atrium, through this valve, to get to the left ventricle. consists of 2 leaflets |
| aorta | largest artery of the body, where oxygenated blood leaves the heart upon contraction of the ventricles |
| aortic semilunar valve (aortic valve) | permits blood to flow in only one direction from the left ventricle to the aorta |
| right coronary artery | the artery vascularizing the right side of the heart |
| left coronary artery | the artery vascularizing the left side of the heart, has 2 branches: left anterior descending artery and circumflex artery |
| conduction tissue | specialized cardiac tissue that initiates and spreads contraction impulses with 4 masses of specialized cells (SA node, AV node, AV bundle, Purkinje fibers) |
| sinoatrial node | SA node, located in upper portion of right atrium, has intrinsic rhythm that initiations and propagates each heartbeat, setting the pace for the cardiac rate, PACEMAKER OF THE HEART |
| atrioventricular node | AV node, impulses from the SA node travel here and cause the atria to contract, located at the base of the right atrium |
| bundle of His | AV bundle, tract of conduction fibers, has a right and left branch, relays impulses to the Purkinje fibers |
| Purkinje fibers | fibers that extend up the ventricle walls, transmit impulse to the right and left ventricles causing them to contract |
| sequence of the four structures responsible for conduction of a contraction impulse | SA node > AV node > bundle of His > Purkinje fibers |
| P wave on electrocardiograph | depolarization (contraction) of the atria |
| QRS complex on an electrocardiograph | depolarization (contraction) of the ventricles |
| T wave on an electrocardiograph | appears a short time later and shows the repolarization (recovery) of the ventricles |
| blood pressure | BP, force exerted by blood against the arterial walls during two phases of a heartbeat |
| systole | contraction phase of a heartbeat when the blood is forced out of the heart, produces the maximum force |
| diastole | relaxation phase of a heartbeat when the ventricles are filling with blood, produces the weakest force |
| sphygmomanometer | measures blood pressure |
| syncope | loss of consciousness |
| cardiology | medical specialty concerned with disorders of the cardiovascular system |
| cardiologist | physician who treats disorders of the cardiovascular system |
| infarct | localized tissue death when arterial emboli completely block circulation |
| ischemia | localized tissue anemia when there is a partial blocking of circulation |
| endarterectomy | removing occluding material and plaque from the innermost layer of the artery |
| coronary artery disease | CAD: any disease that interferes with the ability of the coronary arteries to supply blood to the myocardium |
| angina | chest pain |
| diaphoresis | profuse sweating |
| pallor | paleness |
| endocarditis | inflammation of the inner lining of the heart and its valves |
| bacteremia | bacteria traveling in the bloodstream |
| vegetations | bacteremia lodging in the weakened heart tissue that form small masses |
| stenosis | narrowing |
| insufficiency | not closing properly |
| prophylactic treatment | antibiotic treatment to protect against infection before invasive procedures |
| varicose veins | enlarged, engorged, twisted, superficial veins that develop when the valves of the veins do not function properly and fail to prevent the backflow of blood |
| varices | varicose veins in the esophagus |
| hemorrhoid | varicose veins in the rectum |
| telangiectases | spider veins which look like short, fine lines, starburst clusters or weblike mazes |
| phlebitis | vain inflammation |
| myxoma | tumor of the heart composed of mucous connective tissue |
| pulmonary edema | fluid in the lungs |
| arthralgia | joint pain |
Created by:
arehberg
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