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HSCI 131
Chapter 5 Integumentary System
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| integument | skin |
| largest organ in the body | skin |
| androgen | generic term for an agent (usually a hormone, such as testosterone and androsterone) that stimulates development of male characteristics |
| ductule | very small duct |
| homeostasis | state in which the regulatory mechanisms of the body maintain an internal environment within tolerable levels, despite changes in the external environment |
| synthesize | forming a complex substance by the union of simpler compound or elements |
| what does skin synthesize | vitamin D |
| epidermis | outer layer of the skin: relatively thin over most areas but thickest on the palms of hands and soles of feet. composed of several sublayers called strata |
| deepest layer of the epidermis | basal layer |
| stratum corneum | composed of dead, flat cells that lack a blood supply and sensory receptors |
| basal layer | only layer of epidermis composed of living cells |
| keratin | hard protein that forms in dead cells. relatively waterproof |
| melanocytes | produce melanin |
| melanin | black pigment that provides a protective barrier from the damaging effects of ultraviolet radiation. difference in skin color is attributed to the amount of melanin in each cell |
| dermis | second layer of skin, also called corium, lies beneath epidermis. composed of living tissues, capillaries, lymphatic vessels, and nerve endings, oil and sweat glands, and hair follicles are also found here |
| sebaceous glands | oil glands |
| sudoriferous glands | sweat glands |
| hypodermis | subcutaneous layer: binds dermis to underlying structures. composed of loose connective tissue and fat interlaced with blood vessels. function is to store fat, insulate and cushion body, regulate temperature |
| exocrine glands | secrete substances through ducts to an outer surface of the body instead of into bloodstream (ex: oil and sweat glands) |
| axillae | armpits |
| sebum | oily secretion given off when cells disintegrate |
| hair shaft | visible part of the hair |
| hair root | part embedded in the dermis |
| hair follicle | the hair root and its coverings |
| papilla | covering that encloses a loop of capillaries at the bottom of the hair follicle |
| nail root | where each nail is formed |
| lunula | region where new growth of nail occurs, half-moon shaped area at the base of the nail |
| adip/o | fat |
| lip/o | fat (lipocele: hernia containing fat) |
| steat/o | fat (steatitis: inflammation of fatty tissue) |
| cutane/o | skin |
| dermat/o | skin |
| derm/o | skin |
| hidr/o | sweat (hidradenitis: inflammation of the sweat glands) |
| sudor/o | sweat (sudoresis: profuse sweating) |
| ichthy/o | dry, scaly (ichthyosis: abnormal condition of dry or scaly skin |
| kerat/o | horny tissue; hard |
| melan/o | black |
| myc/o | fungus |
| onych/o | nail |
| onychomalacia | softening of the nails |
| ungu/o | nail |
| ungual | pertaining to the nails |
| pil/o | hair (pilonidal: pertaining to hair in a nest) |
| trich/o | hair |
| scler/o | hardening or sclera of eye |
| seb/o | sebum (seborrhea: discharge of sebum) |
| squam/o | scale |
| xen/o | foreign, strange (xenograft: skin transplantation from a foreign donor (usually a pig) |
| xer/o | dry (xeroderma: dry skin) |
| -cyte | cell |
| -derma | skin |
| -logist | specialist in the study of |
| lipocyte | fat cell |
| pyoderma | pus in the skin |
| dermatologist | specialist in the study of skin disorders |
| cryotherapy | use of cold in the treatment of disease |
| an- | without, not |
| anhidrosis | abnormal condition of not sweating |
| dia- | through, across |
| diaphoresis | excessive or profuse sweating (also called sudoresis or hyperhidrosis) |
| epidermis | above the skin |
| homograft | transplantation of tissue between individuals of the same species |
| subungual | pertaining to beneath the nail of a finger or toe |
| lesions | areas of tissue that have been pathologically altered by injury, wound or infection |
| localized | lesion over an area of definite size |
| systemic | widely spread throughout the body |
| primary skin lesions | initial reaction to pathologically altered tissue and may be flat or elevated |
| secondary skin lesions | changes that take place in the primary lesion due to infection, scratching, trauma, or various stages of a disease |
| first degree burns | superficial: least serious type of burn because they only injure top layers of skin (epidermis). causes skin redness and sensitivity to touch |
| most common types of first degree burns | thermal burn (contact with dry or moist heat), sunburn, chemical burn |
| erythema | skin redness |
| hyperesthesia | acute sensitivity to touch, heat or cold |
| second degree burns | also called partial thickness burns: deep burns that damage the epidermis and part of the dermis. causes skin redness, sensitivity to touch, blisters |
| causes of second degree burns | contact with flames, hot liquids, chemicals |
| third degree burns | also called full thickness burns: epidermis and dermis and parts of connective tissue is damaged. leaves skin waxy and charred with insensitivity to touch |
| causes of third degree burns | corrosive chemicals, flames, electricity, extremely hot objects, immersion of body in extremely hot water, clothing catching on fire |
| dermatoplasty | skin grafting usually required to protect underlying tissue and assist in recovery |
| neoplasms | abnormal growths of new tissues classified as benign or malignant |
| benign neoplasms | noncancerous growths composed of same type of cells as the tissue in which they are growing |
| malignant neoplasms | also called cancer: composed of cells that tend to become invasive and spread to remote regions of the body (metastasis) |
| immunotherapy | also called biotherapy: newer treatment of cancer that stimulates the body's own immune defenses to fight tumor cells |
| pathologists | grade and stage tumors to help diagnosis and treatment planning, provide a prognosis |
| tumor grading | cells from the tumor site are evaluated to determine the degree of loss of cellular differentiation and function |
| tumor-node-metastasis system | TNM system used for staging tumors. classifies solid tumors by size and degree of spread. T: size and invasiveness of primary tumor. N-area lymph nodes involved. M-invasiveness (metastasis) of the primary tumor |
| basal cell carcinoma | most common type of skin cancer. is a malignancy of the basal layer of the epidermis or hair follicles. commonly caused by overexposure to sunlight |
| squamous cell carcinoma | arises from skin that undergoes pathological hardening of epidermal cells. most common in fair-skinned white men over 60. 2 types: in situ or invasive. treatment: surgical incision, radiation therapy, curettage and electrodesiccation, chemotherapy |
| in situ squamous cell carcinoma | confined to the original site |
| invasive squamous cell carcinoma | penetrate surrounding tissues |
| malignant melanoma | malignant growth of melanocytes. tumor is highly metastatic, higher mortality than basal or squamous cell carcinoma. greater risk with fair complexions, blue eyes, red or blonde hair and freckles. |
| abscess | localized collection of pus at the site of an infection |
| acne | inflammatory disease of the sebaceous glands and hair follicles of the skin with characteristic lesions that include blackheads (comedos), inflammatory papules, pustules, nodules, and cysts and usually associated with seborrhea |
| alopecia | partial or complete hair loss resulting from normal aging, an endocrine disorder, a drug reaction, anticancer medication, or a skin disease. also known as baldness |
| Bowen disease | form of intraepidermal carcinoma (squamous cell) characterized by red-brown scaly or crusted lesions that resemble a patch of psoriasis or dermatitis |
| cellulitis | diffuse (widespread) acute infection of the skin and subcutaneous tussues |
| chloasma | pigmentary skin discoloration usually occurring in yellowish brown patches or spots |
| comedo | typical small skin lesion of acne caused by accumulation of keratin, bacteria, and dried sebum plugging an excretory duct of the skin. also called blackheads |
| dermatomycosis | infection of the skin caused by fungi |
| ecchymosis | AKA bruise: skin discoloration consisting of a large, irregularly formed hemorrhagic area with colors changing from blue-black to greenish brown or yellow |
| eczema | chronic inflammatory skin condition that is characterized by erythema, papules, vesicles, pustules, scales, crusts and scabs and accompanied by intense itching |
| erythema | redness of the skin caused by swelling of the capillaries |
| eschar | dead matter that is sloughed off from the surface of the skin, especially after a burn |
| impetigo | bacterial skin infection characterized by isolated pustules that become crusted and rupture |
| keratosis | thickened area of the epidermis or any horny growth on the skin (ex: callus or wart) |
| lentigo | small brown macules, especially on the face and arms, brought on by sun exposure, usually in a middle-aged or older person |
| pallor | unnatural paleness or absence of color in the skin |
| pediculosis | infestation with lice, transmitted by personal contact or common use of brushes, combs or headgear |
| petechia | minute, pinpoint hemorrhage under the skin |
| pressure ulcer | inflammation, sore or skin deterioration caused by prolonged pressure from lying in one position that prevents blood flow to the tissues, usually in elderly bedridden persons |
| pruritus | intense itching |
| psoriasis | chronic skin disease characterized by circumscribed red patches covered by thick, dry, silvery, adherent scales and caused by excessive development of the basal layer of the epidermis |
| purpura | any of several bleeding disorders characterized by hemorrhage into the tissues, particularly beneath the skin or mucous membranes, producing ecchymoses or petechiae |
| scabies | contagious skin disease transmitted by the itch mite, commonly through sexual contact |
| tinea | fungal skin infection whose name commonly indicates the body part affected. AKA ringworm |
| urticaria | allergic reaction of the skin characterized by the eruption of pale red, elevated patches called wheals or hives |
| verruca | epidermal growth caused by a virus; AKA warts |
| vitiligo | localized loss of skin pigmentation characterized by milk-white patches |
| chemical peel | chemical removal of the outer layers of skin to treat acne scarring and general keratoses: AKA chemabrasion |
| cryosurgery | use of subfreezing temperature (commonly liquid nitrogen) to destroy or eliminate abnormal tussle, such as tumors, warts and unwanted cancerous or infected tissue |
| debridement | removal of necrotized tissue from a wound by surgical excision, enzymes or chemical agents |
| dermabrasion | rubbing (abrasion) using wire brushes or sandpaper to mechanically scrape away (abrade) the epidermis |
| fulguration | tissue destruction by means of high-frequency electric current |
| photodynamic therapy (PDT) | procedure in which cells selectively treated with an agent called a photosensitized are exposed to light to produce a reaction that destroys the cells |
| frozen section biopsy | ultra thin slice of tissue from a frozen specimen for immediate pathological examination |
| needle biopsy | removal of a small tissue sample for examination using a hollow needle, usually attached to a syringe |
| punch biopsy | removal of a small core of tissue using a hollow punch |
| shave biopsy | removal of elevated lesions using a surgical blade |
| Mohs | layers of cancer-containing skin are progressively removed and examined until only cancer-free tissue remains |
| skin graft | transplantation of healthy tissue to an injured site |
| allograft | transplantation of healthy tissue from one person to another person |
| autograft | transplantation of healthy tissue from one site to another site in the same individual |
| synthetic skin graft | transplantation of artificial skin produced from collagen fibers arranged in a lattice pattern |
| allergy skin test | any test in which a suspected allergen or sensitizer is applied to or injected into skin to determine the patient's sensitivity to it |
| intradermal allergy test | skin test that identifies suspected allergens by subcutaneously injecting small amounts of extracts of the suspected allergens and observing the skin for a subsequent reaction |
| patch allergy test | skin test that identifies allergic contact dermatitis by applying a suspected allergen to a patch which is then taped on the skin, usually forearm, and observing the area 24 hours later for an allergic reaction |
| scratch allergy test | skin test that identifies suspected allergens by placing a small quantity go the suspected allergen on a lightly scratched area of the skin. also called puncture or prick test |
| culture and sensitivity (C & S) | lab test that grows a colony of bacteria removed from an infected area in order to identify the specific infecting bacterium ad then determine its sensitivity to antibiotic drugs |
Created by:
arehberg
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