Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
HSCI 131
Chapter 4 Body Structure
Term | Definition |
---|---|
chromatin | structural component of the nucleus, composed of nucleic acids and proteins. condenses to form chromosomes during cell division |
chromosome | threadlike structure within the nucleus composed of DNA that carries hereditary information encoded in genes. |
each sperm and each egg has ______ unpaired chromosomes | 23 |
after fertilization, each cell of the embryo has _____ chromosomes | 46 (23 pairs) |
DNA | deoxyribonucleic acid: molecule that holds genetic information capable of replicating and producing an exact copy whenever the cell divides |
diaphragm | muscular wall that divides the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity |
metabolism | sum of all physical and chemical changes that take place in a cell or an organism |
organelle | cellular structure that provides a specialized function |
function of the nucleus | reproduction, metabolism and growth, carries genetic blueprint |
function of the ribosomes | protein synthesis |
function of the golgi apparatus | removal of material from the cell |
function of the lysosomes | digestion |
levels of organization of the body in order from least to most complex | cell, tissue, organ, system, organism |
cell | smallest structural and functional unit of life |
function of cells | utilizing food, eliminating waste, reproducing |
three main parts of a cell | cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus |
cytology | study of the body at the cellular level |
function of the cell membrane | acts as a barrier that supports and protects the intracellular contents |
cytoplasm | jellylike matrix of proteins, salts, water, dissolved gases, and nutrients |
histology | study of tissues |
4 major tissues of the body | epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous |
epithelial tissue | covers surfaces of organs, lines cavities and canals, forms tubes and ducts, makes up epidermis of the skin |
connective tissue | supports and connects other tissues and organs. made up of fibroblasts, fat cells and blood |
muscle tissue | provides the contractile tissue of the body which is responsible for movement |
nervous tissue | transmits electrical impulses as it relays information throughout the entire body |
anatomical position | body posture used to locate anatomical parts or divisions. body standing erect and facing forward. arms at the sides with palms with palms facing forward |
plane | a plane is an imaginary flat surface that divides the body into two sections |
median plane | midsagittal: right and left halves |
frontal plane | coronal: anterior (ventral) and posterior (dorsal) aspects |
horizontal plane | transverse: superior (upper) and inferior (lower) aspects |
dorsal cavity includes: | cranial and spinal |
ventral cavity includes: | thoracic and abdominopelvic |
what major organ is found in the cranial cavity | brain |
what major organ is found in the spinal cavity | spinal cord |
what major organ is found in the thoracic cavity | heart, lungs, and associated structures |
what major organ is found in the abdominopelvic cavity | digestive, excretory, and reproductive organs and structures |
abbreviation and major structures located in the right upper abdominopelvic quadrant | RUQ right lobe of the liver, gallbladder, part of pancreas, part of small and large intestines |
abbreviation and major structures located in the left upper abdominopelvic quadrant | LUQ left lobe of the liver, the stomach, the spleen, part of the pancreas, part of small and large intestines |
abbreviation and major structures located in the right lower abdominopelvic quadrant | RLQ part of the small and large intestines, appendix, right ovary, right fallopian tube, right ureter |
abbreviation and major structures located in the left lower abdominopelvic quadrant | LLQ part of small and large intestines, left ovary, left fallopian tube, left ureter |
location of right hypochondriac region | upper right lateral region beneath the ribs |
location of the epigastric region | upper middle region |
location of the left hypochondriac region | upper left lateral region beneath the ribs |
location of the right lumbar region | middle right lateral region |
location of the umbilical region | region of the navel |
location of the left lumbar region | middle left lateral region |
location of the right inguinal (iliac) region | lower right lateral region |
location of the hypogastric region | lower middle region |
location of the left inguinal (iliac) region | lower left lateral region |
abduction | movement away from the midsagittal (median) plane of the body or of one of its parts |
adduction | movement toward the median plane of the body |
medial | pertaining to the midline of the body or structure |
lateral | pertaining to a side |
superior (cephalad) | toward the head or upper portion of a structure |
inferior (caudal) | away from the head, or toward the tail or lower part of a structure |
proximal | nearer to the center (trunk of the body) or to the point of attachment to the body |
distal | further from the center (trunk of the body) or from the point of attachment to the body |
anterior (ventral) | front of the body |
posterior (dorsal) | back of the body |
parietal | pertaining to the outer wall of the body cavity |
visceral | pertaining to the viscera, or internal organs, especially the abdominal organs |
prone | lying on the abdomen, face down |
supine | lying horizontally on the back, face up |
inversion | turning inward or inside out |
eversion | turning outward |
palmar | pertaining to the palm of the hand |
plantar | pertaining to the sole of the foot |
superficial | toward the surface of the body (external) |
deep | away from the surface of the body (internal) |
cyt/o | cell (cytologist: specialist in the study of cells) |
hist/o | tissue (histology: study of tissues) |
kary/o | nucleus (karyolysis: destruction of the nucleus) |
nucle/o | nucleus (nuclear: pertaining to the nucleus) |
anter/o | anterior, front (anterior: pertaining to the front) |
caud/o | tail (caudad: toward the tail) |
cephal/o | head (cephalad: toward the head) |
dist/o | far, farthest (distal: pertaining to the farthest point of attachment) |
dors/o | back (of body) (dorsal: pertaining to the back (of the body) |
infer/o | lower, below (inferior: pertaining to a lower structure) |
later/o | side, to one side (lateral: pertaining to a side) |
medi/o | middle (mediad: toward the middle) |
poster/o | back (of body), behind, posterior (posterior: pertaining to the back of the body) |
proxim/o | near, nearest (proximal: pertaining to the nearest point of attachment) |
ventr/o | belly, belly side (ventral: pertaining to the belly side) |
abdomin/o | abdomen |
cervic/o | neck |
crani/o | cranium (skull) |
gastr/o | stomach |
illi/o | ilium |
inguin/o | groin |
lumb/o | loins (lower back) |
pelv/i, pelv/o | pelvis (pelvimeter: instrument for measuring the pelvis) |
spin/o | spine |
thorac/o | chest |
umbilic/o | navel |
albin/o | white (albinism: condition of whiteness) |
leuk/o | white (leukocyte: white cell) |
chlor/o | green |
chrom/o | color (heterochromic: pertaining to different colors) |
cirrh/o | yellow (cirrhosis: abnormal yellowing) |
jaund/o | yellow (jaundice: yellowing) |
xanth/o | yellow (xanthosis: abnormal condition of yellowness |
cyan/o | blue (cyanotic: pertaining to blueness) |
erythr/o | red (erythrocyte: red cell) |
melan/o | black (melanoma: black tumor) |
poli/o | gray; gray matter (poliomyelitis: inflammation of the gray matter of the spinal cord) |
acr/o | extremity |
eti/o | cause |
idi/o | unknown, peculiar (idiopathic: pertaining to an unknown cause of disease) |
morph/o | form, shape, structure |
path/o | disease |
radi/o | radiation |
somat/o | body |
son/o | sound |
tom/o | to cut (tomography: process of recording a cut) |
viscer/o | internal organs (visceral: pertaining to internal organs) |
xer/o | dry (xerosis: abnormal condition of dryness) |
-genesis | forming, producing, origin (pathogenesis: origin of disease) |
-gnosis | knowing (prognosis: knowing before) |
-gram | record, writing (arteriogram: record of an artery) |
-gragh | instrument for recording |
-graphy | process of recording |
-logist | specialist in the study of |
-logy | study of |
-meter | instrument for measuring |
-metry | act of measuring |
-pathy | disease (gastropathy: disease of the stomach) |
ab- | from, away from (abduction) |
ad- | toward |
hetero- | different |
homeo- | same, alike |
infra- | below, under (infracostal: pertaining to the area below the ribs) |
peri- | around |
super- | upper, above |
trans- | across, through |
ultra- | excess, beyond |
homeostasis | stable internal environment |
signs | objective indicators that are observable |
symptom | subjective indicator of disease |
diagnosis | establishing the cause and nature of a disease (Dx) |
prognosis: | prediction of the course of a disease |
sequelae | complications that arise from a disease, treatment or injury |
adhesion | abnormal fibrous band that holds or binds together tissues that are normally seperated |
ascites | abnormal accumulation of fluid in the abdominal cavity |
edema | abnormal accumulation of fluid within tissue space |
febrile | pertaining to a fever, also called pyretic |
gangrene | death and decay of soft tissue, usually caused by circulatory obstruction, trauma or infection |
hernia | protrusion of any organ through the structure that normally contains it |
inflammation | body defense against injury, infection, or allergy marked by redness, swelling, her, pain and sometimes loss of function |
mycosis | any fungal infection in or on the body |
perforation | hole that completely penetrates a structure |
peritonitis | inflammation of the peritoneum, the serous membrane that surrounds the abdominal cavity and covers its organs |
rupture | sudden breaking or bursting of a structure or organ |
sepsis | pathological state, usually febrile, resulting from the presence of microorganisms or their products in the bloodstream |
suppuration | producing or associated with the generation of pus |
infusion therapy | delivery of fluids directly into the blood stream via a vein for treating various disorders; also called IV therapy |
alblation | removal of a part, pathway, or function by surgery, chemical destruction, electrocautery, freezing, or radio frequency |
anastomosis | surgical joining of two ducts, vessels, or bowel segments to allow flow from one to another |
cauterize | destruction of tissue by electricity, freezing, heat, or corrosive chemicals |
curettage | scraping of a body cavity with a spoon-shaped instrument called a curet |
incision and drainage (I & D) | incision made to allow the free flow or withdrawal of fluids from a wound or cavity |
laser surgery | use of a high intensity laser light beam to remove diseased tissues, stop bleeding blood vessels, or for cosmetics purposes |
resection | removal of part of all of a structure, organ or tissue |
revision | surgical procedure used to replace or compensate for a previously implanted device or correct an undesirable result or effect of a previous surgery |
assessment techniques | sequence of procedures designed to evaluate the health status of a patient |
inspection | general observation of the patient as a whole, progressing to specific body areas |
palpation | gentle application of the hands to a specific structure or body area to determine size, consistency, texture, symmetry, and tenderness of underlying structures |
percussion | tapping a structure with the hand or fingers to assess consistency and the presence absence of fluids within the underlying structures |
auscultation | listening to the heart, bowel and lungs with or without a stethoscope to assess the presence and quality of sounds |
endoscopy | visual examination of a body cavity or canal using a specialized lighted instrument called an endoscope |
blood chemistry analysis | laboratory test, usually performed on serum, to evaluate various substances to determine whether they fall within a normal range |
complete blood count (CBC) | panel of blood tests used as a broad screening test for anemias, infections, and other diseases |
organ-disease panels | series of blood tests used to evaluate a specific organ (liver panel) or disease (anemia panel) |
computed tomography (CT) | imaging technique in which an x-ray emitter rotates around the area to be scanned and a computer measures the intensity of transmitted x-rays from different angles |
fluoroscopy | technique in which x-rays are directed through the body to a fluorescent screen that displays internal structures in continuous motion |
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) | technique that uses radio waves and a strong magnetic field, rather than an x-ray beam, to produce highly detailed, multiplanar, cross-sectional views of soft tissues |
nuclear scan | technique in which a radioactive material (radiopharmaceutical) called a tracer is introduced into the body (inhaled, ingested or injected) and a specialized camera (gamma camera) is used to produce images of organs and structures |
positron emission tomography (PET) | computed tomography records the positrons (positive charged particles) emitted from a radiopharmaceutical to produce a cross-sectional image of metabolic activity of body tissues to determine the presence of disease |
radiography | technique in which x-rays are passed through the body or area and captured on a film to generate an image, also called an x-ray |
single photon emission computed tomography | radiological technique that integrates computed tomography and a radioactive material (tracer) injected into the bloodstream to visualize blood flow to tissues and organs |
ultrasonography | high-frequency sound waves (ultrasound) are directed at soft tissue and reflected as echoes to produce an image on a monitor of an internal body structure |
biopsy | removal of a representative tissue sample from a body site for a microscopic examination, usually to establish a diagnosis |
excisional biopsy | biopsy in which the entire lesion is removed |
incisional biopsy | biopsy in which only a small sample of the lesion is removed |
Created by:
arehberg
Popular MCAT sets