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MCAT Beh. Sci Ch. 7
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| The Biomedical Approach To Psychological Disorders: | Takes into account only the physical and medical causes of a psychological disorder. Thus, treatments in this approach are of a biomedical nature |
| The Biopsychosocial Approach: | Considers the relative contributions of biological, psychological, and social components to an individual's disorder. Treatments also fall into these three arenas. |
| The Diagnostic And Statistical Manual Of Mental Disorders: | Is used to diagnose psychological disorders. Its current version is DSM-5 (published May 2013). It categorizes mental disorders based on symptom patterns. |
| Schizophrenia: | Is the prototypical disorder with psychosis as a feature. It contains positive and negative symptoms. |
| Positive Symptoms: | Add something to behavior, cognition, or affect, and include delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, and disorganized behavior |
| Negative Symptoms: | Are the loss of something from behavior, cognition, or affect, and include disturbance of affect and avolition |
| Depressive Disorders: | Include major depressive disorder and seasonal affective disorder |
| Major Depressive Disorder: | Contains at least one major depressive episode |
| Pervasive Depressive Disorder: | Is depressed for at least two years that does not meet criteria for major depressive disorder |
| Seasonal Affective Disorder: | Is the colloquial name for major depressive disorder with seasonal onset, with depression occurring during winter months. |
| Bipolar And Related Disorders: | Have manic and hypomanic episodes |
| Bipolar I Disorder: | Contains at least one manic episode |
| Bipolar II Disorder: | Contains at least one hypomanic episode and at least one major depressive episode |
| Cyclothymic Disorder: | Contains hypomanic episodes with dysthymia |
| Anxiety Disorders: | Include generalized anxiety disorder, specific phobias, social anxiety disorder, agoraphobia, and panic disorder |
| Generalized Anxiety Disorder: | Is a disproportionate and persistent worry about many different things for at least six months |
| Specific Phobias: | Are irrational fears of specific objects or situations |
| Social Anxiety Disorder: | Is anxiety due to social or performance situations |
| Agoraphobia: | Is a fear of places or situations where it is hard for an individual to escape |
| Panic Disorder: | Is marked by recurrent panic attacks: intense, overwhelming fear and sympathetic nervous system activity with no clear stimulus. It may lead to agoraphobia. |
| Obsessive-compulsive Disorder: | Is characterized by obsessions (persistent, intrusive thoughts and impulses) and compulsions (repetitive tasks that relieve tension but cause significant impairment in a person's life) |
| Body Dysmorphic Disorder Is: | Characterized by an unrealistic negative evaluation of one's appearance or a specific body part. The individual often takes extreme measures to correct the perceived imperfection. |
| Dissociative Disorders: | Include dissociative amnesia, dissociative identity disorder, and depersonalization/derealization disorder |
| Dissociative Amnesia: | Is an inability to recall past experience without an underlying neurological disorder. In severe forms, it may involve dissociative fugue, a sudden change in location that may involve the assumption of a new identity |
| Dissociative Identity Disorder: | The occurrence of two or more personalities that take control of a person's behavior |
| Depersonalization/Derealization Disorder: | Involves feelings of detachment from the mind and body, or from the environment |
| Somatic Symptom And Related Disorders: | Involve significant bodily symptoms |
| Somatic Symptom Disorder: | Involves at least one somatic symptom, which may or may not be linked to an underlying medical condition, that causes disproportionate concern |
| Illness Anxiety Disorder: | Is a preoccupation with thoughts about having, or coming down with a serious medical condition |
| Conversion Disorder: | Involves unexplained symptoms affecting motor or sensory function and is associated with prior trauma |
| Personality Disorders (PD): | Are patterns of inflexible, maladaptive behavior that cause distress or impaired functioning in at least two of the following: cognition, emotions, interpersonal functioning, or impulse control. |
| Personality Disorders Occur In Three Clusters: | A: odd, eccentric, weird. B: Dramatic, emotional, erratic, wild. C: Anxious, fearful, worried. |
| Cluster A Of Personality Disorders Includes: | Paranoid, schizotypal, and schizoid PDs. |
| Cluster B Of Personality Disorders Includes: | Antisocial, borderline, hidstrionic, and narcissistic PDs. |
| Cluster C Of Personality Disorders Includes: | Avoidant, dependent, and obsessive-compulsive PDs. |
| Paranoid PD: | Involves a pervasive mistrust and suspicion of others |
| Schizotypal PD: | Involves ideas of reference, magical thinking, and eccentricity |
| Schizoid PD: | Involves detachment from social relationships and limited emotion |
| Antisocial PD: | Involves a disregard for the rights of others |
| Borderline PD: | Involves instability in relationships, mood, and self-image |
| Splitting: | Is characteristic, as are recurrent suicide attempts |
| Histrionic PD: | Involves constant attention-seeking behavior |
| Narcissistic PD: | Involves a grandiose sense of self-importance and need for admiration |
| Avoidant PD: | Involves extreme shyness and fear of rejection |
| Dependent PD: | Involves a continuous need for reassurance |
| Obsessive-compulsive PD: | Involves perfectionism, inflexibility, and preoccupation with rules |
| Schizophrenia Ma Be Associated With: | Genetic factors, birth trauma, adolescent marijuana use, and family history. There are high levels of dopaminergic transmission. |
| Depression Is Accompanied By: | High levels of glucocorticoids and low levels of norepinephrine, serotonin, and dopamine |
| Bipolar Disorders Are Accompanied By: | High levels of norepinephrine and serotonin. They are also highly heritable. |
| Alzheimer's Disease Is Associated With: | Genetic factors, brain atrophy, decreases in acetylcholine, senile plaques of β-amyloid, and neurofibrillary tangles of hyperphosphorylated tau protein |
| Parkinson's Disease Is Associated With: | Bradykinesia, resting tremor, pill-rolling tremor, masklike facies, cogwheel rigidity, and a shuffling gait. There is decreased production of dopamine by cells in the substantia nigra. |
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SamB91
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