Chapters 1-6 Study Guide
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| What best defines a mineral and a rock? | In a mineral the constituent atoms are bonded in a regular, repetitive, internal structure; a rock is a lithified or consolidated aggregate of different mineral grains.
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| Atoms of the same element, zinc for example, have the same number of ____. | Protons in the nucleus
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| What mineral is the hardest known substance in nature? | Diamond
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| Which of the following minerals is a silicate? | Feldspar
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| The ion at the center of a silicon-oxygen tetrahedron is surrounded by _____. | Four oxygen ions
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| Which mineral is easily soluble in water at room temperature conditions? | Halite
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| The strong tendency of certain minerals to break along smooth, parallel planes is known as ________. | Cleavage
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| Which group of minerals are the most abundant in the Earth's crust? | Silicates
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| Which of the following is NOT one of the eight most common elements in the Earth's crust? | Carbon. (Included of the eight are potassium, aluminum, calcium, oxygen, silicon, magnesium, sodium and iron.)
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| TF:Mineral luster is broadly classified as either being metallic or opaque. | False.
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| TF: Electrically neutral atoms have equal numbers of electrons and protons. | True.
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| TF: More than 100 elements are currently known. | True.
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| TF:Diamond and quartz are both minerals composed of a single element. | False.
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| TF: Nonmetallic minerals like halite and gypsum have no industrial uses. | False.
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| TF: Isotopes of the same element have the same mass number. | False.
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| As the rate of cooling increases, the size of the crystals that form _____ | decreases.
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| Granite and gabbro ______ | have a similar texture.
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| This igneous texture is characterized by two distinctively different crystal sizes | porphryitic
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| Sedimentary rocks _______ | all of the above. (may contain fossils, hold important clues to Earth's history, may be economically important.)
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| Detrital sediments would predominate in al of the following environments except _____ | salt flat.
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| The most abundant chemical sedimentary rock is _________ | limestone.
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| Metamorphism may result from _________ | all of the above. (heat, pressure, and chemical action)
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| This dense, nonfoliated metamorphic rock is produced most often from standstone. | quartzite.
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| Which of the following lists the rocks in the order of increasing grain size and increasing grade of metamorphism? | slate, phyllite, schist
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| TF: Bowen's reaction series predicts the sizes of the different mineral grains that grow from crystallizing magmas. | False
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| TF: Glassy igneous rocks form when magma cools too fast for mineral grains to grow. | True
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| TF: Evaporites have a biochemical origin. | False
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| TF: Particle size is the primary basis for distinguishing among various detrital sedimentary rocks | True
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| TF: Slate is associated with high-grade metamorphism | False
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| TF: Metamorphism can affect only sedimentary rocks. | False
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| Clay minerals formed from gabbro or diorite bedrock illustrate which kind of weathering? | Chemical
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| All the following are factors that affect rates of weathering except for _______ | geological age of earth materials.
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| Which of the following is an important, mechanical weathering process for enlarging fractures and extending them deeper into large boulders and bedrock? | frost wedging
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| Which one of the following statements concerning mechanical weathering is NOT true? | Involves a major change in the mineral composition of the weathered material.
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| Which term describes a soil formed by weathering of the underlying bedrock? | residual
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| Of the following, which one would most likely be triggered by an earthquake? | rock avalanche.
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| Which mass wasting process has the slowest rate of movement? | creep
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| The most rapid type of mass movement is a ________ | rock avalanche
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| All of the following are possible indicators that creep is occurring except for ___________ | an extremely thick soil profile
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| TF: Quartz weathers readily to aluminum-rich clay minerals. | False
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| TF: Quartz is quite resistant to weathering and is an important component of sands in riverbeds and on beaches. | True
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| TF: Like most other liquids, water decreases in volume when it freezes. | False
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| TF: Ferromagnesian minerals that crystallize at high temperatures in Bowen's reaction series are generally much less susceptible to chemical weathering than quartz. | False
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| The steepest, stable, slope angle possible in unconsolidated, granular materials like sand and gravel is called the angle of retention. | False
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| Repeated freezing and thawing can be important in soil creep movements. | True
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| Which one of the following statements is correct? | Sea level drops when water is stored in expanding ice sheets and continental glaciers.
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| Which of the following is NOT part of the water cycle? | Calcium carbonate dissolving in soil water and groundwater.
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| If you were to examine the profile of a typical river, you would probably find that the gradient is ________ | steepest near the head.
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| At a bend in a river, the main erosion is ________ | on the outside of the bend.
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| The suspended load of a stream ________ | usually consists of fine particles
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| __________ is an abandoned, cutoff, meander loop | An oxbow
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| The single most important erosional agent is _________ | running water
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| Which of the following is associated with areas of karst topography? | all of the above (sinkholes, soluble rock, caverns)
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| An artesian well is one in which _______ | water rises above the top of the aquifer without any pumping.
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| TF: Alluvium refers to stream deposits, mainly sand and gravel | True
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| TF: A V-shaped valley and no floodplain indicate a youthful, downcutting stream | True
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| TF: Floods are the least destructive of all geologic hazards | False
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| TF: Most caves and caverns originate by solution of limestone | True
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| TF: The formation of stalactites and stalagmites occurs in the zone of saturation | False
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| TF: Karst topography is most commonly associated with areas underlain by massive sandstone strata | False
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| A name commonly used as a synonym for the Ice Age is _______ | Pleistocene epoch
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| Which one of the following is NOT true of glaciers? | exist only in the Northern Hemisphere.
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| A ________ cross-valley profile is typical of canyons and valleys eroded and deepened by alpine or valley glaciers. | U
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| _________ are erosional features produced by valley/alpine glaciers | Cirques
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| A _________ forms when a block of ice is buried in drift and subsequently melts, creating a pit. | Kettle
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| A broad accumulation of stratified drift deposited adjacent to the downstream edge of an end moraine is an __________ | outwash plain
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| Which one of the following is true? | Despite infrequent rainfalls, erosional and depositional features of running water are important in desert landscapes
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| The loess deposited in many parts of the Midwest ______ | was once glacial outwash deposits
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| Inselbergs are _________ | bedrock hills in a highly eroded desert landscape
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| TF: When a glacier is retreating, the upstream ice is still moving forward toward the downstream terminus of the glacier. | True
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| TF: The Pleistocene epoch is the only glacial period for which evidence exists. | False
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| TF: Eskers and kames are deposited by meltwater streams, and they are composed of stratified sand and gravel | True
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| TF: Running water is an importan erosional agent in many arid lands despite infrequent rainfalls. | True
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| TF: The Basin and Range region of the western United States is an excellent example of a mountainous desert landscape. | True
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| TF: The Colorado River is an example of a large wash. | False
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