Peds Motor Control: FM Skills
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| Foundational Skills Contributing to Handwriting Speed and Accuracy | Finger Functions, Visual motor integration, Left-Right Discrimination, Pencil excursion, Eye Movement control
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| Finger Functions (Def): | intricate and skillful use of fingers
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| Finger Functions: Finger lifting | accuracy in lifting fingers pointed (related to speed and accuracy)
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| Finger Functions:Finger recognition | accuracy in lifting fingers touched when vision is not available (related to speed)
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| Finger Functions: Complex finger opposition | speed and accuracy of touching fingers to thumb rapidly/consistently (related to speed)
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| Visual motor integration (def): | appropriate use of visual information and ability to integrate vision with movement responses
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| Visual motor integration: Copying forms | design copying (related to speed and accuracy)
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| Visual motor integration: Identifying forms | visual recognition of forms (related to speed)
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| Visual motor integration: General eye motor coordination | Drawing lines, accurately (related to speed)
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| Left-Right Discrimination | awareness of right-left parts of the body (related to accuracy)
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| Pencil excursion | accuracy of fingers drawn without vision (related to speed)
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| Eye Movement control | appropriate saccadic and pursuit tracking movements (related to speed)
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| Handwriting grasps (4): | Palmar grasp, Prestatic tripod: transitional grasp
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| Palmar grasp (def) | appears earliest in development. Writing implement is held tightly in palm as in power grip. The hand holds the pencil and the arm/shoulder move the utensil and the arm is usually held in the air. Neither the wrist or elbow touch the writing surface.
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| 2 types of palmar grasp: (primary) | radial-cross palmar
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| 2 types of palmar grasp: (secondary) | palmar supinated.
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| Prestatic tripod: transitional grasp | occurs before static tripod and includes digital pronated, brush and cross-thumb grasps.
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| digital pronated grasp (def) | essentiall same as palmar supinated grasp, index finger extended along pencil, arm/shoulder move the pencil.
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| brush grasp (def) | pencil held w/fingers but is positioned against palm; palm pronated; wrist/shoulder move pencil, forearm held in air.
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| cross-thumb grasp (def) | Fingers tucked loosely in palm w/pencil held against index finger w/thumb crossed over pencil and against index finger, both wrist/fingers move pencil, forearm is supported against table.
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| Static tripod grasp | implement is held with the thumb and index finger. The forearm is supported by the table or support surface. The arm and shoulder control the action of the implement with occasional wrist action.
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| Predynamic Tripod grasps (5): | Four-finger grasp, Lateral tripod grasp, Locked grip with thumb wrap,Locked grip with thumb tuck, Quadruped grasp
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| Four-finger grasp | The implement is held with the four fingers and thumb in opposition. The wrist and fingers move the pencil while the forearm is being supported by the table or writing or drawing surface.
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| Lateral tripod grasp | Tool stabilized against 3rd digit; thumb is abd./braced along lateral border of 2nd digit. Wrist slightly extended with 4th/5th digits flexed 2 help stabilize grasp. There is some digit/wrist action in making vert./horiz. strokes, forearm rests on table
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| Locked grip with thumb wrap (white-knuckle grip) | The pencil is pressed against the radial side of the 3rd digit with the 2nd digit against the pencil; the thumb is wrapped over the 2nd digit and presses it downward. There little or no digital action in moving the pencil.
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| Quadruped grasp | pencil is held against the 4th digit by the thumb. 5th digit is flexed to help support/ stabilize pencil. 1st,2nd,3rd digits hold pencil securely. The pencil is essentially held in the open web space between 1st/2nd digits. Grasp can be static or dynamic.
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| Locked grip with thumb tuck | This grip is similar to the thumb wrap except that the thumb is tucked under the index and/or middle fingers. There is little or no use of the fingers in moving the pencil.
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| Dynamic tripod grasp (Typically present 6-7yrs.) | preferred mature grasp. Pencil is held between 1st,2nd,3rd digits. 2nd digit is placed on top of pencil w/1st digit in full opposition. The 4th/4th digits flexed 2 help stabilize grasp. Wrist/digits used 2 move pencil & there's greater digital control.
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