micro wk 2. pg 43-2-49
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| micro wk2. pg42-49 | (blank)
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| What binds proteins involved in cell wall synthesis previnting cross linking of glycan chains by tetrapeptides? | a. Penicillin
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| q. Is penicillin more effective against Gram positive bacterium? | a. Yes, due to increased concentration of PTG, also peniclin derivatives produced to protect against Gram negatives.
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| q. where are lysozymes produced? | a. body fluids including tears and saliva.
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| q. what breaks bonds linking NAG and NAM destroying structural integrity of cell wall? | a. Lysozymes
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| q. Lysozymes are often used in laboratory to remove ________layer from bacteria. | a. PTG
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| q. | (blank)
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| Lysozyme enzyme often used in laboratory to remove PTG layer from bacteria, produces protoplast in G+ bacteria and produces ________________ in G- bacteria. | a. spheroplast
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| q. Differences in cell wall account for differences in staining characteristics. Gram positive bacterium retain what kind of Gram stain? | a. Gram positive bacterium retain crystal violet iodine complex of Gram Stain.
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| q. what lose crystal violet iodine complex? | a. Gram negative bacterium lose crystal violet-iodine complex.
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| q. Some bacterium naturally lack cell wall, such as mycoplasma(causes pneumonia), thus antimicrobial directed towards cell wall are ineffective, but what gives the membrane its strength you say. | a. Sterols in membrane account for strength of membrane.
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| q. Bacteria in what domain have a wide variet of cell wall types? | a. domain archaea,
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| q. do they contain PTG? | a. no, but they do contain pseudopeptidoglycan.
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| q. Layers external to the cell wall. What is the general function of the capsules and slime layer? | A. protects bacteria from hosts defenses and enables bacteria to adhear to specific surfaces.
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| q. What is diff. between capsule and slime layer? | a. capsule is a distinct gelatinous layer and a slime layer is an irregular diffuse layer.
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| q. most capsules and slime layers have a chemical composition of polysaccharide which is refered to as a _____________. | a. glycocalyx
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| q.some bacteria have protein appendages which include____________ and _______________. | a. flagella and Pili
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| q. Flagella are long protein structures that can rotate more than ten thousand revolutions per minor 82 miles per hour. and some are important in ________________. | a. bacterial pathogenisis.
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| q. what are the three basic parts to a flagella? | a. filament, hook and basal body.
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| q. What does the filament do? | a. filament extends to exterior and is made of proteins called flagellin.
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| q. What does the hook do? | a. connects the filament to the cell.
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| q. What does the Basal body do? | a. Basal body anchors the flagellum into the cell wall.
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| q. Bacterian uses flagella for motility through sensing chemicals called? | a. chemotaxis
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| q. If the chemical compound is a neutrient it acts a an ______________? | a. attractant
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| q. if compound is toxic acts as an? | a. repellent.
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| q. Flagellar Arrangement. A single flagellum at one pole? | a. Monotrichous
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| q. A single flagellum at both poles? | a. Amphitrichous
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| q. What is two or more flagella at one or both poles of the cell? | Lophotrichous.
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| q. What is Peritrichous? | a. completely surrounded by flagella.
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| q. What is considerabley shorter and thinner than flagella and is composed of protein subunits? | a. Pili
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| q. what are the three functions of pili? | a. attachment, movement, conjugation.
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| q. what are the pili called for attachment? | a. fimbre
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| q. Is pili conjugation a mechanism of DNA transfer? | a. yes.***
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| Internal Structures. bacterial cells have a variety of internal structures, some of which are essential for life(chromosome- DNA, and Ribosome -synthesyze proteins, while others are optional and can confire selective advantages such as | a. plasmid, storage granules, and endospores.
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| q. What resides in cytoplasm in nucleoid space, is typically single chromosome, circular double-stranded molecule,contains all genetic information and has no nuclear membrane? | a. Chromosome
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| q. circular DNA molecule-generally 0.1%-10.0% size of chromosome? | a. Plasmid
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| q. what is extrachromosomal(independently replicating) and encode characteristic-potentially enhances survival(antimicrobial resistance)? | a. Plasmid
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| q. What are involved in protein synthesis and are composed of large and small subunits made of riboprotein and ribosomal RNA? | a. Ribosome
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| q. what are Prokaryotic ribosomal subunits? | a. 30s +50s -70s
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| q. Larger thatn eukaryotic ribosomes? | a. 40S +60S -80S differences often used as target for antimicrobials.
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| q. what are an accumulation of polymers synthesized from excess nutrients (exp. glycogen)?f | a. Storage granules
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| q. What are small protein compartments that provid buoyancy to cell, and regulat vesicles allowing organism to reach ideal position in environment? | a. Gas vesicles
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| q. What are dormant cell types produced through sporulation theoretically remain dormant for 100 years and are resistant to damaging conditions such a heat, desiccation, chemicals and uv light? | a. Endospores
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| q. a vegetative cell is produced through _____________. | a. germination.
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| q. when does germinatiom occur. | a. after exposure to heat or chemicals but is not a source of reproduction.
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| q. what two produce endospores? | a. Genus Bacillus and Clostridium produce endospores.
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| q. what is sporulation | a. the production of endospores.
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| Endospore formation is a complex ordered sequence. Bacteria sense starvation and begin sporulation. what is the first step of sporulation? | A. Growth stops.
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| Step 2. | a. DNA duplicates
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| step 3. | a. Cell splits unevenly
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| q. what produces the forespore within the mother cell? | a. the cell splits and the larger component engulfs small component, producing a forspore within mother cell,
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| q. how many membranes is the forspore enclosed by? | a. forespore is enclosed by two membranes.
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| q.Step 4, what becomes the core of the endospore? | a. Step 4, the forespore becomes the core of the endospore.
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| q. step 5? | a. PTG between bembranes forms core wall and cortex.
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| q. what forms core wall and cortex? | a. PTG between membranes.
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| q. step 6? | a. Mother cell proteins produce spore coat.
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| q. what produces the spore coat. | a. Mother cell proteins.
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| q. Step 7? | a. Mother cell degrades and releases endospore.
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| q. what degrades and releases endospore? | a. mother cell.
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| q. Intracellular Structure. where are endospores seen? | a. in Bacillus and Clostridium.
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| Q. When do vegetative cells develope into endospores? | a. Vegetative cells develop into endospores when there is low amount of carbon or nitrogen.
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| q. how many spores does one bacteria create? | a. one spore for one bacteria.
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| q. how many spores from one fungi? | a. fungi can make millions of spores.
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| q. Is moisture in the spores? | a. no, they are dry, (calcium inside),
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| q. can spores be killed from heating, drying, freezing, toxic chemicals or radiation? | a. No
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| q. Why are spores so resistant. | a. Resistance is because of thich spore coat and Dipicolinic acid in the coat..
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| q.what kind of acid is in the spore coat?q | a. Dipicolinic acid
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| q. what are the only ways endospores can be destroyed? | a. by moist heat under pressure(autoclaves) or certain chemicals like glutaraldehydes or ethylene oxide.
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| q. Who is my favorit group on the campus? | a. the D group, I love you guys and gal. :)
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