How did organisms become so well adapted?
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
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| show | 30 million different species
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| What is a species? | show 🗑
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| show | To help identify species.
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| show | A habitat is a place where an organism lives.
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| show | A population is a group of interbreeding individuals of the same species found in an area.
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| show | The way an organism exploits it's environment.
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| What will happen if they have the same niche? | show 🗑
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| show | They produce the same scent of female wasps and are only pollinated by one species of insect. They mimic female insects and trick pollinators and by doing so they out-compete other flowering plants.
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| What are the three different types of woodpeckers? | show 🗑
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| What do each woodpecker prefer? | show 🗑
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| Why are woodpeckers, aye-aye's and orchids adapted? | show 🗑
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| What are the 3 different types of Adaptations? | show 🗑
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| Give three examples of each? | show 🗑
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| show | Pollen basket on hind legs; which is a fringe of hairs to hold pollen combed from the body; allowing pollen to be carried back to the nest.
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| show | Co-adaptation.
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| show | Mechanism proposed by Darwin and Wallace, by which an organisms change over time as they adapt to their changing environments.
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| show | Survival of the fittest
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| What is a Evolution? | show 🗑
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| show | 1. Population ( Genetic Variation) - New alleles' mutation
2. Change in Environment - Selection pressures
3. Allele no particular adv- favourable
4. Organisms with allele- more likely to survive, reproduce- offspring
5. Offspring likely to have allele
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| What do the ability of a population to adapt to new conditions depend on? | show 🗑
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| What is a gene pool? | show 🗑
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| How does becoming adapted help? | show 🗑
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| show | To avoid confusion and precise/
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| show | The binomial system [Genus species] (WHICH IS UNIQUE and HIGHLY DESCRIPTIVE) to catalogue living things.
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| What does the dichotomous key do? | show 🗑
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| What is taxonomy? | show 🗑
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| What are the hierarchy of the groups? | show 🗑
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| show | 1. Animalia
2. Plantae
3. Fungi
4. Protocista
5. Prokaryotae
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| How did Woese discover the new system, Archaea (which are found in hot springs and salty lakes)? | show 🗑
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| How do scientists publish their data? | show 🗑
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| Explain Woese process? | show 🗑
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| Explain Woese process? [ part 2] | show 🗑
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| show | The Evolutionary relationships based on the best existing evidence - constantly revised as new data comes along.
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| Why may DNA Analysis not support Linnaean classification? | show 🗑
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| What are Phenotypic traits? | show 🗑
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| Dolphins and sharks look similar But they are not related. What is this an example of. | show 🗑
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| show | It enables us to look at evolutionary relationships.
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| What is Genetic Diversity? | show 🗑
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| show | Through Random assortment- (random aligning of chromosomes and new combinations of parental chromosomes /
alleles and crossing over( breaking and rejoining of {chromatids / DNA / on same chromosome pair recombines genes/alleles} / produces recombinants.
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| How else can genetic variation take place? | show 🗑
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| show | Using techniques; gel electrophoresis of 2 proteins
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| What is Biodiversity? | show 🗑
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| How to measure Biodiversity? | show 🗑
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| What is a dominant organism? | show 🗑
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| show | Is a place containing the largest proportion of plant species. It must have at least 1250 different plant species.[endemic] E.g. Mediterranean Basin, Ocean Sea beds
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| Where did the term Biodiversity hotspot come from ? | show 🗑
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| How to measure Genetic Diversity? | show 🗑
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| Why may Conservation biologists use genetic diversity? | show 🗑
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| show | - Strong Cell Walls out of Cellulose
- Build columns and tubes from specialised cells.
- Stiffen special cells with another polymer; Lignin
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| show | To grow taller,stronger and flexible.
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| What is a Parenchyma? | show 🗑
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| Draw a Plant Cell. | show 🗑
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| What are the properties of Cellulose? | show 🗑
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| show | -Weak Hydrogen bond, strong Glycosidic bond
-Large no of Hydrogen bonds; strong structure
-MF [60-70] Cellulose molecules; helical arrangement stuck with a Polysaccaride glue
-Glue; short branched PS; Hemicellulose & Pectin; bind to surface
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| What does Pectin do? | show 🗑
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| Why do the Microfibrils make it strong and flexible? | show 🗑
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| show | Narrow fluid-filled channels; located in pits.
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| Name the 2 specialised types of cells? | show 🗑
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| show | Dermal (Epidermis), Vascular and Ground
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| What do the Xylem carry? | show 🗑
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| show | Sugars made by photosynthesis in the leaves; up and down
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| What are the properties of Xylem? | show 🗑
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| show | Water evaporates at the surface of the cell that line the substomatal cavities. [Transpiration]
Water diffusing out through stomoate down diffusion gradient; replaced by roots.
By Capillary action; capillaries draw up water; surface tension.
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| How is water transported through Xylem vessels? [2] | show 🗑
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| show | - Cohesion
-Surface Tension
- Solvent Properties
- Thermal Properties
- Density and freezing Properties
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| What are the 4 different ions needed for Plants? | show 🗑
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| What do the Sclerenchyma fibres have? | show 🗑
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| What does Lignin do? | show 🗑
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| show | Rope, Clothing, floor coverings, paper
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| show | - Long and thing
- Flexible
- Strong
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| show | - Take plant apart mechanically by pulling out fibres or digesting surrounding tissue.
- Cellulose/Ligning resistant to chemical and enzymic degradation; whilst the Polysaccarides can be dissolved
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| What is the term used for extracting fibre processes? | show 🗑
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| What other uses do Fibres have? | show 🗑
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| show | Stronger, Renewable, Biodegradable, Easier and Locally grown, safer, cheaper, Less use of fossil fuel
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| Why may plants have chemical defences? | show 🗑
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| What are the uses of Pyrethrum? | show 🗑
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| What chemicals do mint contain? | show 🗑
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| show | Simpson's Index
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| show | Allicin; produced when cut or damaged. Inactive precursor, alliin is converted into active form by the enzyme alliinase.
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| Which parts of the plant may have greater antibacterial properties? | show 🗑
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| show | Aspirin (Salycylic Acid from Willow bark) , Morphine and Codeine ( Opium poppies)
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| What are the symptoms of Foxglove[Digitalis] and what can it treat? | show 🗑
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| show | 1. Identified active ingredient
2. Individual cases
3. Studied side effects of digitalis using small number of patients
4.Tested to find dose on small number of patients.
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| Stages of Drug testing today | show 🗑
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| show | 3. Small group of volunteers patients drug effectiveness
4. Large group of patients selected and divided into 2 groups. Compound and placebo; Double blind. Now open to be licensed and marketed.
Trials continue to collect data on effective ness and safet
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| show | - Being a seed; protect embryo, aid dispersal, provide nutrition for the new plant.
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| show | - Outer layers of the ovule become lignified forming a tough seed coat; protects embryo. Surrounding ovary develops into a fruit.
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| What is it called when stored food is outside the embryo in storage? | show 🗑
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| What happens in dicotyledons? | show 🗑
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| show | In the Hypocotyls ( developing stalk)
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| show | Offspring to avoid competing with parent or each other and allows plant to colonize new habitats.
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| show | Wind, Animal, Water and Self-dispersal
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| What happens when conditions are suitable and dormancy has been broken? | show 🗑
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| show | Maltase and Amylase
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| show | Proteases
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| show | Lipases
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| Why is starch easy to extract? | show 🗑
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| show | Adhesives, Paints, textiles, plaster, insulatin material and toiletries; conditioners, mousse, sun screens and anti-perspirant
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| What are the main uses for Starch? | show 🗑
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| show | Then cooled- bonds to form between molecules. Addition of water - reverses stiffening; called plasticisation.(flexible) and the water is a plasticiser. - useful as it can change shape.
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| show | - Super Absorbents
Starch is chemically cross-linked before gelatinsed then particles are formed then dried. When rehyrdated; take large amount of water e.g. nappies.
- Starch foam
Temp at which it gelatinise depends on amount of water.
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| show | If pressure is suddenly released; seed coat ruptures and starch puff is formed. Cereal and Foam packaging made in an extruder. As hot starch leaves small exit hole; pressure is released, causing it to expand as water turns to steam.
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| What are plant based plastics made of? | show 🗑
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| show | - Fuels; Castrol(Castor bean), Peanut Oil, Biodiesel; less SO2, CO2. (Rapeseed). Can be used 100% or in a blend with Fossil fuel.
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| show | - Burning Fossil Fuels; produces CO2 in atmosphere; contributing to global warming
- Oil is unrenewable; running out; finite resource
- Generate non-biodegradable waste
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| show | That it can be removed from the atmosphere recently when the crop that had produce the oil was grown.
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| show | Less room growing biofuels & plant materials by replacing rainforests and food crops
Unsuitable agriculture & essential for wildlife/water conservation,
Agriculture energy demanding e.g. ploughing,harvesting and fertilising
Human population increasing
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| What are the problems with moving to plant products? [2] | show 🗑
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| show | The area of land you would require to support you're lifestyle.
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| show | Human activity for e.g. Habitat destruction, fragmentation and Degradation, Pollution, Intro of alien species, Over-exploitation
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| show | Conservation management on site (in situ), protecting ecosystems and maintaining fragile habitats. Also ZOOS AND SEEDBANKS.
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| How can scientists, conservationists and educators protect species? | show 🗑
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| What does the Zoo Licensing Act 1981 aim to do? | show 🗑
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| What do Captive breeding programmes do? | show 🗑
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| How do they know which species should/should not be breed? | show 🗑
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| show | Change in an allele frequency over time; which leads to reduction of genetic variation therefore genetic variation can be lost; as by chance alleles may not be passed on.
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| show | Where individuals within a population have similar genotypes and can be an advantage however of the environment changes, new disease occurs, a more genetic diverse population will be at advantage.
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| Why do scientists want to ensure genetic diversity? | show 🗑
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| What is essential for long term survival for populations? | show 🗑
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| show | If there is genetic variation or the mutation rate is very high.
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| show | As is causes the frequency of homozygous genotypes to increase with the loss of heterozygotes. It then results in individual inheriting recessive alleles from both the parents. Also the accumulation of Homozygous recessive genotypes in offspring.
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| How is Inbreeding depression harmful? | show 🗑
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| show | To maintain the size of the wild population to prevent genetic drift and inbreeding depression.
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| show | As it shows for an individual species the history and location of all the captive animals of that species in the places co-operating in an overall breeding plan. It provides raw data about breeding these animals.
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| What must conservation scientists ensure? | show 🗑
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| What techniques are used for studbooks? | show 🗑
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| show | As they have to learn new skills to survive in the wild.
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| show | Being taken out the forest and given more freedom and less food to encourage them to feed themselves.
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| show | Habitat destruction, Climate change and Over harvesting, Man-made and Natural disasters
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| show | By protecting and managing habitats
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| How can plants be conserved ex situ? | show 🗑
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| show | To conserve samples from threatened species of plants; already 10,000 species banked. Focuses on plants living in dryland, most threatened.
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| show | Seeds stored in cool, dry conditions
Can be stored for long time
Viability tests carried out at regular intervals
More economic, less costly, less labour involved than conserving living plants
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| show | Less space needed
Large numbers of plants can be stored
Seeds do not need be stored in original habitat
Less likely to be damaged by vandalism natural disaster
Less likely to be damaged by disease or herbivores
Value of conserving plant species
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| show | Ability to resist stretching or being broken when pulled , maximum force which can be applied before breaking
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| show | As they're life span doubles.[-20C]
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| Why is it easy to obtain seeds? | show 🗑
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| What happens after a month the seeds have been placed in cold storage? | show 🗑
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| show | Research, Habitat Restoration and species Re introductions.
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