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How did organisms become so well adapted?

Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in each of the black spaces below before clicking on it to display the answer.
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Question
Answer
How many different species are there?   show
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show A species is a group of organisms with similar morphology, physiology and behaviour which can interbreed to produce fertile offspring and which are reproductively isolated from other species.  
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show To help identify species.  
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What is a habitat?   show
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What is a population?   show
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What is an ecological niche?   show
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show They will compete against each other and the better-adapted organism will out compete the other and exclude it from the habitat.  
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How are orchids specialised?   show
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What are the three different types of woodpeckers?   show
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What do each woodpecker prefer?   show
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Why are woodpeckers, aye-aye's and orchids adapted?   show
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What are the 3 different types of Adaptations?   show
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Give three examples of each?   show
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show Pollen basket on hind legs; which is a fringe of hairs to hold pollen combed from the body; allowing pollen to be carried back to the nest.  
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What is it when organisms become dependent on each other?   show
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What is Natural Selection?   show
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show Survival of the fittest  
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What is a Evolution?   show
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What are stages of Natural Selection?   show
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show 1. Strength of the selection pressure 2. Size of the gene pool 3. Reproductive rate of the organism  
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What is a gene pool?   show
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show Helps avoid competition with other species living in the same area.  
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show To avoid confusion and precise/  
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show The binomial system [Genus species] (WHICH IS UNIQUE and HIGHLY DESCRIPTIVE) to catalogue living things.  
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show A traditional way of identifying organisms  
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What is taxonomy?   show
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show Kingdom, Phylum, Class,Order, Family, Genius and Species  
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show 1. Animalia 2. Plantae 3. Fungi 4. Protocista 5. Prokaryotae  
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How did Woese discover the new system, Archaea (which are found in hot springs and salty lakes)?   show
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How do scientists publish their data?   show
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show Woese work suggested life was microbial ; many scientists were sceptical, ignored and dismissed his ideas. He hated large meetings so had few oppurtunites to argue and barely attended meetings.  
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show However Kandler accepted it and held the first conference to influence scientists. Eventually theory became accepted by publishing international journals.  
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show The Evolutionary relationships based on the best existing evidence - constantly revised as new data comes along.  
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show As in the traditional classification Vertebrates, birds and reptiles are placed in separate classes however DNA Anaylysis places birds in the same taxon as Turtles, lizards, snakes and Crocodiles. New evidence - fossil evidence.  
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What are Phenotypic traits?   show
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Dolphins and sharks look similar But they are not related. What is this an example of.   show
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show It enables us to look at evolutionary relationships.  
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show When each organism has a unique combination of alleles( the greater the variety of genotypes the more genetically diverse the population)- Allows population to adapt to changing conditions  
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show Through Random assortment- (random aligning of chromosomes and new combinations of parental chromosomes / alleles and crossing over( breaking and rejoining of {chromatids / DNA / on same chromosome pair recombines genes/alleles} / produces recombinants.  
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show Through mutations (random)- Changing DNA Sequence- creating new alleles, and increasing gene pools  
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How can you test molecular differences?   show
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What is Biodiversity?   show
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How to measure Biodiversity?   show
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show A very common species in a habitat.  
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show Is a place containing the largest proportion of plant species. It must have at least 1250 different plant species.[endemic] E.g. Mediterranean Basin, Ocean Sea beds  
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show From Norman Myers to describe areas of particularly high biodiversity in order to to focus on conservation.  
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show Through DNA Sequencing to determine bases in a segment of DNA- which alleles are present. Where it is cut into fragments through Gel Electrophoresis. Therefore different fragments can be identified- different lengths.  
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show To compare different populations when deciding which population may need to be conserved.  
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What do plants do to produce tall structures?   show
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show To grow taller,stronger and flexible.  
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show Type of plant tissue found through out plant, where cells fill spaces between more specialised tissues and may have specialised functions.  
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Draw a Plant Cell.   show
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What are the properties of Cellulose?   show
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What are the properties of Cellulose? [2]   show
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show Holds cells together important component of middle lamella; makes it strong but pliable.  
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show As they are laid down in different angles.  
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show Narrow fluid-filled channels; located in pits.  
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Name the 2 specialised types of cells?   show
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show Dermal (Epidermis), Vascular and Ground  
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show Water and Inorganic ions, upwards  
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show Sugars made by photosynthesis in the leaves; up and down  
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What are the properties of Xylem?   show
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show Water evaporates at the surface of the cell that line the substomatal cavities. [Transpiration] Water diffusing out through stomoate down diffusion gradient; replaced by roots. By Capillary action; capillaries draw up water; surface tension.  
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How is water transported through Xylem vessels? [2]   show
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show - Cohesion -Surface Tension - Solvent Properties - Thermal Properties - Density and freezing Properties  
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show - Nitrogen; For Cell Growth - Calcium; Calium Pectate; Middle lamella - Magnesium; Chlorophyll - Phosphorus; DNA and RNA  
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show - Lignified walls - Dead - Chisel end - Elongated thick walls - Support  
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show - Waterproofs cell walls - Stiffer - Stronger - Greater Tensile strength  
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show Rope, Clothing, floor coverings, paper  
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Why are they used?   show
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How can we extract fibres?   show
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show Retting  
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show To absorb heavy metal and Hydrocarbons from polluted water.  
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What are advantages of using Bicomposites ( fibre added to other materials)?   show
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Why may plants have chemical defences?   show
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show - Insecticides; contains chemicals which are toxic. Active Ingredient: Various Pyrethrins. Sprays, Flea treatments and reduction of tick infestation. Useage of companion plant, natural insect repellant.  
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What chemicals do mint contain?   show
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show Simpson's Index  
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show Allicin; produced when cut or damaged. Inactive precursor, alliin is converted into active form by the enzyme alliinase.  
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show Seed coat, Fruit coat, Bulb and roots  
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show Aspirin (Salycylic Acid from Willow bark) , Morphine and Codeine ( Opium poppies)  
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What are the symptoms of Foxglove[Digitalis] and what can it treat?   show
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show 1. Identified active ingredient 2. Individual cases 3. Studied side effects of digitalis using small number of patients 4.Tested to find dose on small number of patients.  
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Stages of Drug testing today   show
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Stages of Drug testing today [2]   show
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show - Being a seed; protect embryo, aid dispersal, provide nutrition for the new plant.  
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show - Outer layers of the ovule become lignified forming a tough seed coat; protects embryo. Surrounding ovary develops into a fruit.  
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show Endosperm[ common in monocotyledons; cereals]  
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show Embryo absorbs stored nutrients from endosperm and food is stored in seed leaves [ cotyledons] which swell up to fill seeds.  
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How do Brazil Nuts store food?   show
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show Offspring to avoid competing with parent or each other and allows plant to colonize new habitats.  
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What are the 4 different types of seed dispersal?   show
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show Seed takes in water through a small pore in seed coat., absorbing it triggers metabolic changes in seed. Production of plant growth substances is switched on; secretion of enzyme, mobilise stored food reserves.  
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What breaks down starch which is converted to sucrose for transport to the radicle and plumule.   show
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What breaks down proteins in the food store to give amino acids?   show
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show Lipases  
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show As they don't dissolve in water, but can be washed out. In wheat protein remaining is Gluten [bread making]  
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What are the the common uses of starch?   show
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show - Thickening; Granules heated in water; swell, absorb water and thicken liquid. 'gelatinisation' - custard, wallpaper paste - Stiffening fabrics - ' Sizing' - Paper coatings, cloth treatment. Starch mixture applied to surface is gelatinised.  
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show Then cooled- bonds to form between molecules. Addition of water - reverses stiffening; called plasticisation.(flexible) and the water is a plasticiser. - useful as it can change shape.  
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What are the main uses for Starch? [3]   show
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show If pressure is suddenly released; seed coat ruptures and starch puff is formed. Cereal and Foam packaging made in an extruder. As hot starch leaves small exit hole; pressure is released, causing it to expand as water turns to steam.  
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What are plant based plastics made of?   show
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show - Fuels; Castrol(Castor bean), Peanut Oil, Biodiesel; less SO2, CO2. (Rapeseed). Can be used 100% or in a blend with Fossil fuel.  
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Why is the use of oil-based plastics not sustainable?   show
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show That it can be removed from the atmosphere recently when the crop that had produce the oil was grown.  
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What are the problems with moving to plant products?   show
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What are the problems with moving to plant products? [2]   show
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show The area of land you would require to support you're lifestyle.  
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show Human activity for e.g. Habitat destruction, fragmentation and Degradation, Pollution, Intro of alien species, Over-exploitation  
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show Conservation management on site (in situ), protecting ecosystems and maintaining fragile habitats. Also ZOOS AND SEEDBANKS.  
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How can scientists, conservationists and educators protect species?   show
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show - Promote minimum standards of welfare - Meaningful Education - Effective conservation - Valuable research - Essential public safety  
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What do Captive breeding programmes do?   show
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How do they know which species should/should not be breed?   show
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show Change in an allele frequency over time; which leads to reduction of genetic variation therefore genetic variation can be lost; as by chance alleles may not be passed on.  
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show Where individuals within a population have similar genotypes and can be an advantage however of the environment changes, new disease occurs, a more genetic diverse population will be at advantage.  
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show So individuals can cope with new conditions; allowing them to survive. Which is known as natural selection which results in adaptation, accumulation of genotypes favoured by environment.  
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show That they should be able to evolve as a result of natural selection.  
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How can evolution be likely?   show
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What is Inbreeding?   show
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show As many recessive alleles are harmful and the offspring may me less fit( survive or reproduce). They may be smaller, may not live as long and produce fewer eggs. I t can occur in the wild or in captivity where mating increases.  
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show To maintain the size of the wild population to prevent genetic drift and inbreeding depression.  
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Why is important to keep a studbook?   show
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What must conservation scientists ensure?   show
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show Cytogenetics and Molecular biology;whether some individuals are more closely related than is desirable for breeding purposes.  
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show As they have to learn new skills to survive in the wild.  
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show Being taken out the forest and given more freedom and less food to encourage them to feed themselves.  
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show Habitat destruction, Climate change and Over harvesting, Man-made and Natural disasters  
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show By protecting and managing habitats  
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How can plants be conserved ex situ?   show
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show To conserve samples from threatened species of plants; already 10,000 species banked. Focuses on plants living in dryland, most threatened.  
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show Seeds stored in cool, dry conditions Can be stored for long time Viability tests carried out at regular intervals More economic, less costly, less labour involved than conserving living plants  
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How do seed banks work? [2]   show
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show Ability to resist stretching or being broken when pulled , maximum force which can be applied before breaking  
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show As they're life span doubles.[-20C]  
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show As plants produce large amount of seeds and collecting them are unlikely to damage a wild population. They are also small and eay to store and can survive in a desiccated state for years.  
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What happens after a month the seeds have been placed in cold storage?   show
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What can seed collections be used for?   show
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