ER, Golgi, Peroxisomes, Endosomes, Lysosomes, Signal Transduction
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Which of the following is incorrectly matched: A. rough ER and protein synthesis B. terminal glycosylation and Golgi C. Ca storage and smooth ER D. secretory vesicle shipping and cis-Golgi network E. transitional vesicle formation and rough ER | show 🗑
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What makes up the endomembrane system? | show 🗑
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show | D. peroxisomes
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show | True
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Flippases aid in attaching oligosaccharides to proteins. | show 🗑
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Calreticulin binds to improperly folded proteins and targets them for degredation. | show 🗑
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Transfer of oligosaccharides to proteins always occurs in ER lumen. | show 🗑
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In receptor-mediated endocytosis, dynamin inhibition would prevent vesicle formation. | show 🗑
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show | False
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In receptor-mediated endocytosis, a coated vesicle can fuse with endosomes. | show 🗑
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show | False
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show | C. m-SNARE
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show | type of v-SNARE
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show | type of tethering protein
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Labeled protein seen only in ER | show 🗑
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show | rough ER -> cis-Golgi network -> trans-Golgi network -> plasma membrane
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The smooth ER is enriched in glycogen-6-phosphatase which helps break down glycogen. | show 🗑
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What is the oligosaccharide carrier in glycosylation called? | show 🗑
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Zymogen granules are part of constitutive secretory pathway. | show 🗑
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show | False--SarI goes with COP II, COP I goes with ARF
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Step #1 of lysosomal protein targeting | show 🗑
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Step #2 of lysosomal protein targeting | show 🗑
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show | mannose phosphorylation
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Step #4 of lysosomal protein targeting | show 🗑
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Step #5 of lysosomal protein targeting | show 🗑
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show | constitutive/continuous secretion/exocytosis
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show | in Golgi
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What do glycosyl transferases do? | show 🗑
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Which is needed for synthesis of proteins in ER: A. KDEL tag B. cytosolic ribosome C. SRP D. cytosolic ribosome and KDEL tag E. SRP and cytosolic ribosome | show 🗑
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show | "production line": protein synthesis, lipid synthesis, and membrane synthesis
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show | help transport "packages" from ER to Golgi
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_______ is recruited by an ER signal sequence on a cytoplasmic ribosome, and then binds to rough ER so protein synthesis can continue. | show 🗑
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Step #1 of protein modification and degredation | show 🗑
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glycosylation | show 🗑
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show | proteins with carbohydrate chains
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Step #2 of protein modification and degredation | show 🗑
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show | ER-associated degredation (ERAD)
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ER-associated degredation (ERAD) | show 🗑
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hydroxylation | show 🗑
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monooxygenase | show 🗑
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aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylases | show 🗑
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Carbohydrate metabolism in smooth ER Step #1 | show 🗑
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Carbohydrate metabolism in smooth ER Step #2 | show 🗑
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show | glucose-1-phosphate is made into glucose-6-phosphate
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Carbohydrate metabolism in smooth ER Step #4 | show 🗑
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sarcoplasmic reticulum | show 🗑
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show | enzyme crucial for cholesterol synthesis
target for statin drugs that try to lower cholesterol
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show | detoxification, carbohydrate metabolism, calcium storage, and biosynthesis of steroids
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________ and _________ are the main components of membranes | show 🗑
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What membranes are produced in the ER? | show 🗑
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phospholipid translocators | show 🗑
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Cis-Golgi Network (CGN) | show 🗑
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Golgi medial cisternae | show 🗑
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show | opposite side of CGN, "shipping"
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show | each compartment of the Golgi is stationary, and shuttle vesicles transport between cis and trans
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Golgi Cisternae Maturation Model | show 🗑
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show | ER -> Golgi -> plasma membrane
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show | plasma membrane -> Golgi -> ER
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show | ER and Golgi
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show | linkage of sugar molecules
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show | attachment of carbohydrates to molecules
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Where does glycosylation begin? | show 🗑
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glycosylation in ER membrane step #1 | show 🗑
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glycosylation in ER membrane step #2 | show 🗑
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glycosylation in ER membrane step #3 | show 🗑
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glycosylation in Golgi step #1 | show 🗑
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show | olgigosaccharide carrier in ER lumen
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calnexin (CNX) | show 🗑
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show | soluble protein involved in protein folding
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UDP-glucose glycoprotein transferase (UGGT) | show 🗑
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glucan synthetases | show 🗑
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show | enzymes that attach carbohydrate groups to proteins in the ER
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show | retention tags
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RXR | show 🗑
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show | retrieval tags
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show | retrieval tag
Lys-Asp-Glu-Leu
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show | retrieval tag
Lys-Lys-X-X
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Where are hydrolytic enzymes found? | show 🗑
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show | condensation vacuole (CV)
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show | zymogen granules (ZG)
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show | rough ER -> Golgi -> aggregate into CV -> CV becomes ZG as more aggregate -> secretion
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show | continuous
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show | regulated secretion
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show | out of
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Endocytosis is transport _____ cell. | show 🗑
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________-________ is regulated exocytosis that responds to ____ within a cell, and is found in the smooth ER. | show 🗑
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show | polarized secretion
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show | phagocytosis
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show | residual bodies
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autophagy | show 🗑
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show | lysosome used in autophagy
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show | autophagy of large organelles
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What are the causes of lysosomal storage diseases? | show 🗑
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The accumulation of glycogen in different organs (liver, heart, skeletal muscle) is the cause of ____ ____ ____. | show 🗑
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show | Tay-Sachs Disease
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show | Hurler and Hunter Syndrome
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peroxisomes | show 🗑
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catalase | show 🗑
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oxidase | show 🗑
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show | both oxidize and break down hydrogen peroxide
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show | hydrogen peroxide, O2-, OH+
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Beta (B) oxidation | show 🗑
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aminotransferases | show 🗑
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show | close to mitochondria and chloroplasts, involved in photorespiration
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show | convert fats/fatty acids to sugars/sucrose, and are present in fat-storage tissues (endosperm), and they become peroxisomes as plants mature and no longer need the endosperm
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show | replication of peroxisomes
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show | trans-membrane protein that helps bring in catalases
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show | SKL (Ser-Lys-Len)/PTS-1 found at end of a protein
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show | resting membrane potential, -60 mV for most cells
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show | the response to stimuli resulting in changes in the Vm (action potential), and it is rapid and reversible
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electroneutrality | show 🗑
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current | show 🗑
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electrical potential (voltage) | show 🗑
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selective permeability: Na+/K+ pumps | show 🗑
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show | some ions go in/out that should not
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electrochemical equilibrium | show 🗑
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Nerst Equation | show 🗑
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show | negative
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show | positive
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show | K+ flows out of cell (outflux)/Vm becomes more negative
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show | Nat+ flows into cell (influx)/Vm becomes more positive
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show | considers all ions and relative permeability
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multimeric voltage-gated channels | show 🗑
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show | Nat+ channels made up of 1 protein
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inactivating particle | show 🗑
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voltage sensor | show 🗑
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____-____ ____ uses specific receptors that are found on the outer surface of the plasma membrane. | show 🗑
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Step #1 in receptor-mediated endocytosis | show 🗑
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coated pits | show 🗑
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show | receptor-ligand complexes encounter coated pits
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show | accumulation of receptor-ligand complexes triggers accumulation of additional proteins (adaptor proteins, clathrin, and dynamin) on cytosolic surface of plasma membrane
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show | invagination of plasma membrane continues until it pinches off and forms a coated vesicle
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Step #5 in receptor-mediated endocytosis | show 🗑
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show | coat proteins and dynamin are recycled to plasma membrane, and become available for formation of new vesicles while uncoated vesicle is able to fuse with an early endosome
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show | EGF receptor internalization leads to the cell becoming less receptive to EGF
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show | sites for the sorting and recycling of extra-cellular material brought into the cell by endocytosis
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show | found in the endosomal membrane and maintains the lower pH
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transcytosis | show 🗑
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fluid-phase endocytosis | show 🗑
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clathrin | show 🗑
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COPI | show 🗑
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show | coat protein that goes with Sar I; involved in transport of material from ER to Golgi
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show | small invaginations of plasma membrane characterized by protein caveolin; type of lipid raft rich in cholesterol and shipgolipids
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show | a multimeric protein composed of three large polypeptides and three small polypeptides radiating from a central vertex; component of clathrin coats
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show | component of clathrin coats; ensure that appropriate macromolecules are converted in coated pits, mediate attachment of clathrin to proteins embedded in plasma membrane
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show | a cytosolic GTPase required for coated pit constriction and closing of the budding vesicle
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uncoating ATPase | show 🗑
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show | small GTP-binding protein, mediates COPI protein
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SNARE hypothesis | show 🗑
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show | found on transport vesicles, complementary with t-SNARES so that vesicles can recognize and fuse with target membrane
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show | found on target membranes, complementary with v-SNARES so that vesicles can recognize and fuse with target membrane
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Rab GTPases | show 🗑
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show | mediates release of v and t-SNARES of donor and target membranes along with SNAPs
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show | mediate release of v and t-SNARES of donor and target membranes along with NSF
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tethering proteins | show 🗑
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show | coiled-coil proteins used in initial recognition of COPI or COPII coated vesicles to Golgi
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show | they are multisubunit tethering complexes implicated in the initial recognition and specificity of vesicle-target membrane interaction
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inactivating particles | show 🗑
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action potential | show 🗑
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threshold potential | show 🗑
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show | the transfer of the action potential through nerves
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resting potential | show 🗑
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subthreshold depolarization | show 🗑
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show | cell has increased permeability to Na+
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show | takes voltage to threshold and Na+ rushes into the cell
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show | peak membrane potential is reached, and Na+ channels are inactivated while K+ channels open
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show | no more depolarization occurs
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hyperpolarization phase | show 🗑
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show | hyperpolarization occurs
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show | has lots of Na+ channels, where action potential has to hit before it can rapidly continue down the axon
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passive spread | show 🗑
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nerve impulse | show 🗑
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show | insulates axon at specific points to allow faster and farther propagation, made of Schwann cells
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Nodes of Ranvier | show 🗑
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show | happens with myelin insulated axon, faster than continuous propagation
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synapse | show 🗑
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electrical synapses | show 🗑
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show | synaptic cleft separates neurons, so neurotransmitters are needed to propagate signal
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show | made of connex in subunits (proteins) that make up pore/channels between neurons
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synaptic vesicles | show 🗑
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show | neurotransmitter acts as ligand and binds to receptor to open channel (direct)
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metabotropic receptors | show 🗑
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show | depolarization of presynaptic neuron when neurotransmitter binds
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inhibitory receptor | show 🗑
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show | elicit appropriate response in synaptic cleft, occur naturally in presynaptic neuron, released at correct time
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show | type of neurotransmitter found in CNS, PNS, neuromuscular junctions that binds to cholinergic synapses
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catecholamines | show 🗑
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dopamine | show 🗑
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norepinephrine | show 🗑
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seratonin | show 🗑
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show | glycine (inhibitory), glutamate (excitatory)
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neuropeptides | show 🗑
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show | Calcium sensor that tells vesicles when to go
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nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAchR) | show 🗑
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show | causes hyperpolarization when gamma-aminobutyric acid binds
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types of inactivation of neurotransmitters after release | show 🗑
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temporal summation | show 🗑
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show | take signals from many neurons to make action potential
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Secretion of neurotransmitter step #1 | show 🗑
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Secretion of neurotransmitter step #2 | show 🗑
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Secretion of neurotransmitter step #3 | show 🗑
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show | reserve vesicles move up for next action potential/diffusion of neurotransmitter across synaptic cleft to receptors on dendrite or soma
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show | binding of neurotransmitters to receptors -> ion channels open
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show | if threshold potential is reached in post synaptic neuron -> AP in post synaptic cell
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