ER, Golgi, Peroxisomes, Endosomes, Lysosomes, Signal Transduction
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| Which of the following is incorrectly matched: A. rough ER and protein synthesis B. terminal glycosylation and Golgi C. Ca storage and smooth ER D. secretory vesicle shipping and cis-Golgi network E. transitional vesicle formation and rough ER | show 🗑
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| What makes up the endomembrane system? | show 🗑
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| Which of the following is not part of the endomembrane system: A. ER B. endosomes C. lysosomes D. peroxisomes E. Golgi | show 🗑
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| show | True
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| Flippases aid in attaching oligosaccharides to proteins. | show 🗑
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| show | False
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| show | False
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| show | True
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| In receptor-mediated endocytosis, coated pits would form in the absence of adapter proteins as long as clathrin was present. | show 🗑
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| show | False
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| In receptor-mediated endocytosis, a ligand can bind to any receptor as long as it's on the cell surface. | show 🗑
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| Which of the following is not part of the vesicle-sorting pathway: A. v-SNARE B. Golgin C. m-SNARE D. Rab GTPase E. Syntaxin | show 🗑
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| show | type of v-SNARE
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| show | type of tethering protein
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| Labeled protein seen only in ER | show 🗑
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| show | rough ER -> cis-Golgi network -> trans-Golgi network -> plasma membrane
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| The smooth ER is enriched in glycogen-6-phosphatase which helps break down glycogen. | show 🗑
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| What is the oligosaccharide carrier in glycosylation called? | show 🗑
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| Zymogen granules are part of constitutive secretory pathway. | show 🗑
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| GTP-bound SarI recruits and binds COP I proteins for vesicle coat formation. | show 🗑
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| Step #1 of lysosomal protein targeting | show 🗑
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| show | transition vesicle formation
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| show | mannose phosphorylation
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| show | receptor binding
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| Step #5 of lysosomal protein targeting | show 🗑
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| The continuous secretion of mucus from epithelial cells in your intestines is an example of what type of exocytosis? | show 🗑
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| show | in Golgi
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| What do glycosyl transferases do? | show 🗑
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| Which is needed for synthesis of proteins in ER: A. KDEL tag B. cytosolic ribosome C. SRP D. cytosolic ribosome and KDEL tag E. SRP and cytosolic ribosome | show 🗑
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| show | "production line": protein synthesis, lipid synthesis, and membrane synthesis
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| Transitional elements (TEs) | show 🗑
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| _______ is recruited by an ER signal sequence on a cytoplasmic ribosome, and then binds to rough ER so protein synthesis can continue. | show 🗑
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| Step #1 of protein modification and degredation | show 🗑
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| glycosylation | show 🗑
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| glycoproteins | show 🗑
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| show | protein folding and assembly
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| show | ER-associated degredation (ERAD)
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| show | improperly folded proteins are exported for degredation
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| hydroxylation | show 🗑
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| monooxygenase | show 🗑
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| aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylases | show 🗑
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| show | glucose stored as glycogen (glucose polymer)
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| show | glycogen is broken down into glucose-1-phosphate
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| Carbohydrate metabolism in smooth ER Step #3 | show 🗑
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| show | glucose-6-phosphatase removes the phosphates from glucose-6-phosphate to make glucose
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| sarcoplasmic reticulum | show 🗑
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| show | enzyme crucial for cholesterol synthesis
target for statin drugs that try to lower cholesterol
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| show | detoxification, carbohydrate metabolism, calcium storage, and biosynthesis of steroids
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| ________ and _________ are the main components of membranes | show 🗑
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| What membranes are produced in the ER? | show 🗑
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| show | flippases, aid in flip-flop/transverse diffusion
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| show | faces ER, "recieving"
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| Golgi medial cisternae | show 🗑
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| Trans-Golgi Network (TGN) | show 🗑
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| Golgi Stationary Cisternae Model | show 🗑
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| show | compartments of the Golgi are transient and dynamic
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| anterograde transport | show 🗑
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| retrograde transport | show 🗑
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| show | ER and Golgi
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| show | linkage of sugar molecules
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| show | attachment of carbohydrates to molecules
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| Where does glycosylation begin? | show 🗑
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| glycosylation in ER membrane step #1 | show 🗑
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| show | identification and removal of misfolded proteins
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| glycosylation in ER membrane step #3 | show 🗑
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| show | addition or removal of carbohydrate chains
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| dolichol phosphate | show 🗑
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| calnexin (CNX) | show 🗑
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| show | soluble protein involved in protein folding
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| UDP-glucose glycoprotein transferase (UGGT) | show 🗑
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| glucan synthetases | show 🗑
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| show | enzymes that attach carbohydrate groups to proteins in the ER
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| show | retention tags
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| show | retention tag
Arg-X-Arg
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| show | retrieval tags
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| KDEL | show 🗑
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| show | retrieval tag
Lys-Lys-X-X
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| Where are hydrolytic enzymes found? | show 🗑
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| _______is a type of vacuole that becomes a secretory vesicle. | show 🗑
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| show | zymogen granules (ZG)
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| show | rough ER -> Golgi -> aggregate into CV -> CV becomes ZG as more aggregate -> secretion
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| show | continuous
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| In __________ ___________, secretory vesicles accumulate until an extracellular signal is recieved. | show 🗑
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| Exocytosis is transport ______ cell. | show 🗑
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| Endocytosis is transport _____ cell. | show 🗑
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| ________-________ is regulated exocytosis that responds to ____ within a cell, and is found in the smooth ER. | show 🗑
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| ______ ______ is exocytosis at very specific sites in the plasma membrane, and is found in nerve cells. | show 🗑
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| "cellular eating"/intake of large particles | show 🗑
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| show | residual bodies
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| autophagy | show 🗑
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| show | lysosome used in autophagy
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| macrophagy | show 🗑
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| show | the accumulation of polysaccharides or lipids in organs, and/or missing digestive enzymes
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| show | Type II Glycogenosis
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| The accumulation of gangliosides (lipids) in the brain causes ____-____ ____. | show 🗑
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| show | Hurler and Hunter Syndrome
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| show | single membrane-bound organelles not derived from ER
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| catalase | show 🗑
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| oxidase | show 🗑
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| peroxidases | show 🗑
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| show | hydrogen peroxide, O2-, OH+
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| Beta (B) oxidation | show 🗑
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| aminotransferases | show 🗑
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| leaf peroxisomes | show 🗑
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| glyoxysomes | show 🗑
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| peroxisome biogenesis | show 🗑
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| show | trans-membrane protein that helps bring in catalases
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| show | SKL (Ser-Lys-Len)/PTS-1 found at end of a protein
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| show | resting membrane potential, -60 mV for most cells
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| electrical excitability | show 🗑
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| electroneutrality | show 🗑
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| show | the movement of the ions
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| show | "opposites attract"
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| show | ion channels control what goes in and out of cell
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| show | some ions go in/out that should not
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| electrochemical equilibrium | show 🗑
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| show | shows relationship between ion gradient and equilibrium potential for a selectively permeable membrane, but only considers one ion
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| net charge inside cell | show 🗑
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| show | positive
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| show | K+ flows out of cell (outflux)/Vm becomes more negative
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| show | Nat+ flows into cell (influx)/Vm becomes more positive
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| Goldman Equation | show 🗑
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| show | K+ channels made up of 4 proteins
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| monomeric voltage-gated channels | show 🗑
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| inactivating particle | show 🗑
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| show | detects signal and tells channel to open or close, S4
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| ____-____ ____ uses specific receptors that are found on the outer surface of the plasma membrane. | show 🗑
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| Step #1 in receptor-mediated endocytosis | show 🗑
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| coated pits | show 🗑
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| show | receptor-ligand complexes encounter coated pits
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| show | accumulation of receptor-ligand complexes triggers accumulation of additional proteins (adaptor proteins, clathrin, and dynamin) on cytosolic surface of plasma membrane
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| show | invagination of plasma membrane continues until it pinches off and forms a coated vesicle
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| show | clathrin coat is released to leave the vesicle uncoated
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| Step #6 in receptor-mediated endocytosis | show 🗑
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| desenstitization | show 🗑
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| show | sites for the sorting and recycling of extra-cellular material brought into the cell by endocytosis
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| ATP-dependent proton pump | show 🗑
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| transcytosis | show 🗑
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| show | a cltahrin-independent endocytic pathway that takes in extracellular fluid
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| show | coat protein that goes with AP1, AP2, and ARF; vesicles involved in selective transport of proteins from TGN to endosomes and in the endocytosis of receptor-ligand complexes from the plasma membrane
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| COPI | show 🗑
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| COPII | show 🗑
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| Caveolae | show 🗑
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| show | a multimeric protein composed of three large polypeptides and three small polypeptides radiating from a central vertex; component of clathrin coats
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| show | component of clathrin coats; ensure that appropriate macromolecules are converted in coated pits, mediate attachment of clathrin to proteins embedded in plasma membrane
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| show | a cytosolic GTPase required for coated pit constriction and closing of the budding vesicle
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| show | essential for uncoating mechanism
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| ADP ribosylation factor (ARF) | show 🗑
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| SNARE hypothesis | show 🗑
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| show | found on transport vesicles, complementary with t-SNARES so that vesicles can recognize and fuse with target membrane
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| show | found on target membranes, complementary with v-SNARES so that vesicles can recognize and fuse with target membrane
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| show | facilitates membrane fusion by locking complementary t-SNARE and v-SNARE together
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| show | mediates release of v and t-SNARES of donor and target membranes along with SNAPs
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| soluble NSF attachment proteins (SNAPs) | show 🗑
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| tethering proteins | show 🗑
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| golgins | show 🗑
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| show | they are multisubunit tethering complexes implicated in the initial recognition and specificity of vesicle-target membrane interaction
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| inactivating particles | show 🗑
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| action potential | show 🗑
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| show | the upper limit of Vm that induces the action potential; point where large change in voltage occurs
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| show | the transfer of the action potential through nerves
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| show | voltage gates are closed
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| show | blips of activity due to leakage that do not cause action potentials because threshold is not reached
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| depolarization phase | show 🗑
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| depolarization stimulus | show 🗑
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| repolarization phase | show 🗑
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| absolute refractory period | show 🗑
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| hyperpolarization phase | show 🗑
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| relative refactory period | show 🗑
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| show | has lots of Na+ channels, where action potential has to hit before it can rapidly continue down the axon
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| show | action potential in the cell body because Na+ and K+ channels are not as efficiently distributed
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| show | transmission and propagation of action potential along axon
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| myelin sheath | show 🗑
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| show | where Schwann cells taper off, where action potentials are triggered on the axon
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| show | happens with myelin insulated axon, faster than continuous propagation
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| show | space between two adjacent neurons
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| show | have gap junctions to connect neurons to help propagate signal
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| chemical synapse | show 🗑
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| connexon | show 🗑
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| synaptic vesicles | show 🗑
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| ionotropic receptors | show 🗑
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| show | neurotransmitter binds to receptor and receptor signals for the channel to open (indirect)
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| excitatory receptor | show 🗑
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| inhibitory receptor | show 🗑
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| necessary properties of neurotransmitters | show 🗑
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| show | type of neurotransmitter found in CNS, PNS, neuromuscular junctions that binds to cholinergic synapses
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| show | neurotransmitters that are derivitives of tyrosine synthesized in the adrenal gland, and bind to adrenergic synapses
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| dopamine | show 🗑
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| show | type of catecholamine neurotransmitter that is generally excitatory
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| show | neurotransmitter that is a derivitive of tryptophan found in the CNS (controls sleep, memory, mood, appetite), and can be excitatory or inhibitory
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| show | glycine (inhibitory), glutamate (excitatory)
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| show | neurotransmitters that are short chains of amino acids that can be inhibitory or excitatory and have longer lasting effects (enkephalines, pain perception)
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| synaptotagmin | show 🗑
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| nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAchR) | show 🗑
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| GABA receptor | show 🗑
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| show | degredation, re-uptake
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| temporal summation | show 🗑
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| spatial summation | show 🗑
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| show | action potential in bouton -> depolarization
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| Secretion of neurotransmitter step #2 | show 🗑
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| Secretion of neurotransmitter step #3 | show 🗑
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| Secretion of neurotransmitter step #4 | show 🗑
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| show | binding of neurotransmitters to receptors -> ion channels open
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| show | if threshold potential is reached in post synaptic neuron -> AP in post synaptic cell
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