Vet Dentistry
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| What are 2 physical limiters of an examiners visibility for EQ dental exam? | small oral opening
long narrow oral cavity
Limited vestibule cavity
long thick tongue
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| At what level (tooth) does the hard palate transition into the soft palate? | 2nd molar
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| Where does the soft palate lie relative to the epiglottis? | ventral to it
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| What type of tissue lines the oral surface of the soft palate? | salivary glands
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| What type of tissue is situated at the base of the tongue? | lymphoid tissue aggregates: lingual tonsils
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| How many deciduous teeth do horses have? | 28
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| How many permanent teeth do horses have? | 40-44
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| Which tooth is the WOLF TOOTH? | vestigial First premolar
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| What type of dentition do horses have? | Radicular hypsodonts
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| How many cheek teeth are in each arcade? | 6
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| At what age do the permanent central, intermediate, and corner incisors erupt? | 2.5, 3.5, & 4.5 years
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| How many infundibuli do incisors have? What is another term for it? | one, cup
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| At what age do the deciduous central, intermediate, and corner incisors erupt? | 6d, 6w, 6m +/-
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| At what age do the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd deciduous premolars erupt? | Birth to 2 weeks
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| At what age do the permanent 2nd, 3rd, and 4th premolars erupt? How long before they are 'in wear'? | 2.5, 3, 4.5 years
6 months
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| At what age are the cups usually gone from the occlussal surfaces of the permanent premolars? | 7, 8, & 9 yrs (for 2nd, 3rd, and 4th)
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| At what age do the permanent 1st, 2nd, and 3rd molars erupt? | 1, 2, and 3.5-4 years
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| Regarding Galvayne's groove, at what age does it typically appear? extend half way down the crown? Extend 3/4 down the crown? Disappear? | 10, 15, 18, 21 years
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| How many infundibula do upper cheek teeth have? | two
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| How many infundibula do lower cheek teeth have? | none
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| What degree of anisognathism exists in horses? | Lower jaw is 30% narrower than upper jaw
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| Where is the TMJ relative to the occlussal line? | dorsal to it = mechanical advantage to accomplish total occlusal contact of an entire arcade at one time
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| What is the typical jaw length set-up in horses? | slightly mandibular brachygnathic (slightly shorter lower jaw)
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| Which teeth's roots are located in maxillary sinus structures? | '08 - 11s
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| What direction do root apices 'move' as cheek teeth erupt? why? | rostrally b/c the reserve crowns are curved ('08s might not be in the sinus in older horses)
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| What are the endodontic anatomy characteristics in a mandibular cheek tooth that has erupted in the past 2 years? | apices are open/dilated. 5-6 pulp horns are connected by a common pulp area
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| What are the endodontic anatomy characteristics in a mandibular cheek tooth that has erupted in the past 3-5 years? | roots and pulp chamber are more distinct, but still communicate
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| What are the endodontic anatomy characteristics in a mandibular cheek tooth that has erupted in the past 6-8 years? | root canals are distinct and separate cavities
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| When using rhinoscopy, where might you see necrosis, granulation tissue, or purulent discharge? What is the most common cause? | at the nasomaxillary aperture
delayed mandibular development
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| What is the most common type of malocclusion in horses? | parrot-mouth
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| What is another term for maxillary brachygnathism? In what horse breeds is it more commonly seen? | monkey or sow mouth, maxillary micrognathism
ponies, minis
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| What causes wry mouth? | unequal arch development
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| How can brachygnathism be treated in young foals? | Make them wear a rubber bite plane connected to a halter for 7-10 hours daily for the first 1-3 months (until cheek teeth erupt) (apparently they can still nurse)
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| After the bite-plane phase is completed, what additional orhtodontic intervention can be applied for parrot-mouth? | inhibit maxillary growth: interdental wiring incorporating all maxillary incisors, connected to the second(and 3rd?) premolars
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| What is the most common cause for ectopic eruption? | trauma to a developing tooth bud results in occlusal malalignment
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| Which tooth is most at risk for impaction? why? | permanent 4th premolar b/c it is the last to erupt
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| What is heterotropic polyodontia? | Like a dentigerous cyst: lined with stratisfied epithelium, located near temporal bone
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| What are common signs of dental abscess? | facial swelling
draining fistulas
foul breath
quidding
nasal discharge
head tilt
abnormal behavior/poor performance
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| What are common causes of dental abscess | anachorectic (esp. to '08s which are transiently hyperemic due to eruption pressures)
patent infundibulla developing caries that extend into the pulp
pulp exposure from fracture
extensive periodontal dz
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| What solutions can be used to flush sinuses? | dilute povidone-iodine, 0.2% chlorhex, LRS
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| What type of endodontic therapy can be performed on cheek teeth? | retrograde
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| What obturating material is used for retrograde endo therapy in horse cheek teeth? | Suer EBA
IRM cement
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| Up to about what TOOTH age should all roots be endodontically treated, even if only one appears diseased? | 7 years
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| What happens to eruption rate after endo tx? | not clear at time of publishing
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| How many roots do mandibular cheek teeth have? Maxillary? | 2, 3
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| What type of intubation may be helpful for General anesthetic deliver for dental procedures? | intranasal
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| In considering the curvature of the cheek teeth, how does one estimate the location of root apices? | typically located near the distal extent of the occlussal border
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| How long should the extraction site be protected with a pack? | ~ 1 month
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| What sinusotomy approach can be used to access the maxillary 3rd molar? | frontal sinus to reach the caudal maxillary sinus via the frontomaxillary opening
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| What tissue changes over root apices may be noted that indicate endo dz during exploratory sinusotomy? | thickened periapical bone
thickened sinus mucous membranes
thin or missing periapical alveolar bone
granulation tissue overlying apex
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| What complication can manifest if the bony alveolar plate around a tooth adjacent to one being retropulsed is damaged? | oro-sinus fistula (requires extraction of additional teeth
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| What is a reportable disease that manifests in the oral mucosa? | Vesicular stomatitis
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| What husbandry measures can be taken in ruminants to encourage dental health in the face of inability to provide much dental care? | prevent excessive stress
maintain adequate sanitation
provide proper diet
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| How many maxillary incisors do ruminants have? Mandibular? | none, 8 (6 incisors, 2 canines)
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| What type of teeth do ruminants have? | radicular hypsodont
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| What cheek teeth and how many are present in ruminants | same as horses: deciduous 3 teeth per arch, permanent 6 teeth per arch (3 PM, 3M)
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| How many deciduous teeth do cows have? Permanent? | 20, 32
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| At what age are all deiciduous teeth erupted in bovine and porcine? | by 1 month
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| Which ruminants rely on their lower incisors for prehension the most? | small ruminants (cows use their tongue alot more)
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| What types of diseases commonly manifest in the oral cavity of ruminants? | infectious
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| What infectious diseases manifest in the oral cavity of ruminants? | Actinomyces bovis: lumpy jaw
Actinobacillosis: woody tongue
Vesicular stomatitis
Foot and Mouth Disease
Vesicular exanthema
Rhinderpest
Catarrhal fever
Contagious pustular stomatitis
Blue tongue
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| Which type of domestic animal has the most complete phenotypical dentition? | pigs (28 decid. teeth, 44 permanents)
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| What type of molar and premolars do pigs have? | bunodont, brachydont
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| Which pig teeth are sometimes clipped to prevent trauma to the sow during nursing? | needle teeth: canines and 3rd incisors
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| What is the characteristic radiographic appearance of sinus feed impaction in horses? JVD Fall 2013 | stippled, granular
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| Which teeth are most commonly affected by EQ peripheral caries? JVD Fall 2012 | maxillary and mandibular molars
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| What type of diet may predispose to the development of EQ peripheral caries? JVD Fall 2012 | high concentrate/low roughage diets (acidogenic) or dental abnormalities where restricted movement of food and saliva result
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| What are 1st degree, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th degree caries in EQ cheek teeth? JVD Fall 2012 | 1st: cementum only, 2nd: cementum + enamel, 3rd: cementum + enamel + dentin, 4th integrity of tooth is severely compromised (apical abscess or tooth fx)
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| What are the 2 patterns of EQ peripheral CT caries described? JVD Fall 2012 | progressive enlargement of focal flask-like lesions leading to breakdown of adjacent cementum AND generalized flaking off of thin layers of under-run surface cementum
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| What are 2 proposed contributors to the formation of EQ peripheral CT caries? JVD Fall 2012 | plaque (with bacteria) and stagnation of feed materials
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| What is "broken mouth" in sheep? JVD Fall 2012 | early onset of perio dz primarily resulting in loss of incisor teeth
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| What is "osteodystrophia fibrosa"? What ruminant species has it been reported in? What causes it? JVD Fall 2012 | condition where calcium is resorbed from bone and replaced with connective tissues, reported in goats, caused by hyperparathyroidism or deficiency of Ca, P, or Vit D
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| Is there an association between EQ peripheral cheek tooth caries and the presence of diastemata with feed impaction? Vet J 2010 | no
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| Where do EQ peripheral cheek tooth caries most commonly occur? Vet J 2010 | maxillary and mandibular molars (caudal 3 cheek teeth)
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| Where do diastemata most commonly occur between cheek teeth in horses? Vet J 2010 | mandibular arcades
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| What are 2 categories of problems that may cause masticatory dysfunction in aging horses? JVD Winter 2009 | 1. dental dz; 2. inefficient masticatory forces (i.e. lower height of curve of spee)
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| What are the 5 most common indications for dental extractions in horses? JVD Winter 2013 | tooth fx, perio dz, severe caries, mandibular fx w/tooth involvement, periapical abscess
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| What are the (8) components of the extra-oral dental exam in horses? JVD Winter 2013 | facial symetry, fistulas, nasal discharge, malodorous breath, sinus percussion, mandibular palpation, regional lymph nodes, masseter muscles
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| What are (8) potential complications associated with cheek tooth extraction in the horse? JVD Winter 2013 | ONF, OAF, retained roots, alveolar plug failure, sinusitis, palatine artery laceration, mandibular fx, sequestrum
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| What is the proposed etiology of hypercementosis of aging horse teeth? JVD fall 2014 | (focal) occlusal stress on the PDL
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