Chapter 1 Study Guide
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on it to display the answer.
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| What fields influenced Psychology? | Biology, Philosophy
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| What are 3 phase of psychology? Introspection, Structuralism & Functionalism What was the study of psychology at this time? | INTROSPECTION: the process of examining and measuring one's own thoughts and mental activities.STRUCTURALISM: The 1st school of thought analyzing basic elements or structures of conscious mental experiences FUNCTIONALISM: humans & animals adapting envirmt
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| Define Scientific Method | orderly systematic
identify a problem,
design a study to investigate the problem, collect and analyze data,
draw conclusions and
communicate their findings.
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| Define Behavior | Observable activity in a human or animal
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| Define Mental processes | How humans and animals use mental processes in adapting to their enviorment
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| Define Hypothesis | A testable prediction about the condition under which a particular behavior or mental process may occur
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| Define Theory | A general principle or set of principles proposed to explain how a number of separate facts are related
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| Identify a CASE STUDY: In-depth study of one or a few individuals using observation, interview and/or psychological testing. CASE STUDY Pro's and Con's? | PRO'S: Source of info. for rare or unusual conditions or events. Can provide basis for hypotheses to be tested later (rare disorders) CON'S: Not generalized. Doesn't establish cause of behavior, misinterpretation by researcher
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| Identify a SURVEY: Interviews or questionaires used to gather info. about attitudes, beliefs, experiences, or behaviors of groups of people | PRO'S: Highly accurate info. Can track changes in attitude and behavior over time. CON'S: Can be COSTLY and time consuming. Responses may be INACCURATE
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| Identify NATURAL OBSERVATION: THe observation and recording of behavior in it's natural setting or in a laboratory | Natural PRO'S: Natural setting
Natural CON"S: No Control over conditions
Lab PRO'S: Control & use precise equipment
LAB CON'S: Maybe expensive & Not generalize to real world settings
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| Identify an EXPERIMENT: Random assignment of participants to groups. Manipulation of the independent variable(s) and measurement of the effect on the dependent variable | PRO's: Enables cause and effect relationships
CON's: In some cases experiment is unethical or impossible (labortory experiment: setting may inhibit natural behavior of participant)
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| Pyschology | The scientific study of behavior and mental processes
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| Placebo | The phenomenon in which the expectations of the participants in a study can influence their behavior
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| Psychoanalysis | The theory and therapy based on the work of Sigmund Freud (the role of the unconscious motivation and early childhood experiences in determining behavior and thought
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| Identify a Dependent variable -vs- Independent variable | INDEPENDENT: A factor or condition that is deliberately manipulated to determine whether it causes any change in another behavior or condition.
DEPENDENT: The measurement of the result
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| Identify Correlations- Method use to establish the degree of relationship | PRO's: Useful in making predictions when impossible for ethical reason. Studies can be done fairly quickly. CON's: A correlation can't be used to support the conclusion that either variable causes the other.
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| Identify test (experimental) group -vs- control group | Experiment group- The group that is exposed to an independent variable. Control group-
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| Introspection | Wilhelm Wundt the father of psychology
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| Structuralist Analyze basic element or structure of conscious mental experience | Student of Wundt, Englishman Edward Bradford Titchener
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| Functionalist Humans and animals use mental processes to adapt to enviorment | Charles Darwin
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| Humanistic Uniqueness of human beings and capacity for choice, growth and psychological health | Abraham Maslow
Carl Rogers
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| Behavorial Emphasizes the key role od the enviorment as a determinant of behavior | John B Watson
BF Skinner
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| Cognitive see humans as active participants in their enviorment studies mental process such as memory problem solving reasoning decision making preception language and other forms of cognitive | Robins, Gosling & Craik
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| Physiological aka Biological looks for links between specific behaviors and equally specific biological processes that often explain individual differences | GOLZ
Kurup & Kurup
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| Sociocultural helps explain cross cultural differnces in behavior. The role of sociol and cultural influences on behavior | Tweed & Lehman
Lesley Lambright
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| Psychodynamic/Psychoanalytic The role of the unconscious motivation and early childhood experiences in determining behavior and thought | Sigmund Freud
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| Evolutionary The role of inherited tendencies that have proven adaptive in humans. Theory of natural selection | Charles Darwin
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| Gestalt Objects and patterns as whole units | Wertheimer
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| Experiment | a deliberate manipulation of a variable to see if corresponding changes in behavior result, allowing the determination of cause and effect relationship
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| Introspection | INTROSPECTION: the process of examining and measuring one's own thoughts and mental activities.
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| Structuralism | STRUCTURALISM: The 1st school of thought analyzing basic elements or structures of conscious mental experiences
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| Functionalism | FUNCTIONALISM: humans & animals use mental process in adapting to their environment
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| Three major parts of a neuron? | Soma- the cell body metabolic center of the neuron
Axon- slender tail like extension Axon
Dendrites- branched fibers called dendrites
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