Disorders: musculoskeletal, digestive, cardiovascular, neurolotical
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| Esophageal atresia | (congenital) a developmental factor which the upper & lower esophageal segments (LES) are separated; the upper section ends in a blind pouch; usually a connecting fistual from one segment to trachea
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| Congenital pyloric stenosis | may be developmental in infants, or acquired later in life, usually b/c of fibrous scar tissue; the pyloric muscle is hypertrophied & can be palpated as a hard mass in the abd.
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| Chronic gastritis | "inflammation in the stomach"; atrophy of the mucosa of stomach, w/loss of secretory glands; seen in indviduals w/PUD, alcohol abuse, and aging; Also Autoimmune disorders are associated; loss of parietal cells leads to achlorhydria & lack of Vit B-12
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| Oral candidiasis | a common fungal infection that occurs in people who have taken broad spectrum atibiotics, cancer chemotherapy, or glucocorticoids & in those who have diabetes or are immunosuppressed; may appear as red, swollen and white curdlike material on mucosa
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| Alzheimer's disease | common form of demetia' changes in progressive cortical atrophy, which leads to dilated ventricles * widening of sulci, particularily in parietal & frontal lobes; deficit of ACh occurs
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| Huntinton's disease | an inherited disorder that does not manifest until midlife: maternal inheritance delays onset longer than inheritance from fathers. Progressive atrophy of the brain occurs. w/degeneration of neurons: depletion of GABA, ACh
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| Amyotrphic laterl sclerosis | "Lou Gehrig's disease" amyotrophic=muscle wasying,; sclerosis=degenerative hardening of lateral corticospinal tracts; affects upper motor neurons in cerebral cortex & lower motor neurons in brainstem & spinal cord. s/s spastic paralysis, hyperreflexia,
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| Parkinsons' disease | dysfuntion of extrapyramidal motor system occurs b/c or pregressive degenerative changes in basla nuclei; decreased # of neurons secrete dopamine leading to an imbalance b/t excitation & inhibition of basal nuclei: s/s tremors, facial/ocular
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| Peptic Ulcer Disease | "PUD" occurs primarily proximal deodenum, also stomach antrum and lower esophagus; usually appears as cavity penetrating sub-mucosa. Ulcers can penetrate and perforate mucosal wall.
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| Ulcerative colitis | inflammation commences in the rectum & progresses thru colon.; Inflammed Mucosa becomes edematous/friable and ulcerations develops. Vascular granulation tissue forms and easily bleeds; large coalesce areas become denuded.
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| Cirrhosis of the liver | a condition demonstrating extensive diffuse fibrosis loss of lobular organization; regenerated hepatocyte nodules may be present; progressive disorder leading to liver failure; Pathophysiologic effects evolve loss of liver cell functions
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| Thrombus formation | may form spontaneously usually b/c of stasis of blood or increased coagulabitlity of blood, or clot may from over an inflamed vein; Common in legs or pelvis. Piece of thrombus may break aways, an embolus to the heart of lungs (PE).
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| Hepatitis | Infection from a group of viruses that target the hepatocytes: these include: hepatitis A (HAV ), HBV, HCV, HDV, & HEV. Liver cells are damaged by direct action of the virus or by cell-mediated immune responses to the virus. Liver necrosis results
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| Acute pancreatitis | Inflammation of pancreas resulting from autodigestion of tissues; acute or chronic; autodigestion follow premature activiation of pancreatic proenzymes w/in the pancreas; (trypsin, proteases amylase & lipase); Massive Inflammation process
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| Esophageal varices | caused from being connected w/gastric veins & cirrhosis of the liver increasing the pressure of blood that extends into the esophageal veins, creating large distended & distorted veins near the mucosal surface of the esophagus; Complication hemorrhage
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| Crohn's disease | affects digestive tract, frequently small intestines. inflammation occurs (skip lesions) with affected segments clearly separated by normal tissue. Mucosal inflammation leads to ulcers that tend to coalesce to form fissures; Obstucts intrinsic factor
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| Multiple sclerosis | progressive neuron demyelination (brain, spinal cord, & cranial nerves) affects all types of nerves throughout NS; MS is marged by remission/exacerbation until neural degeneration is irreversible
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| Duchenne's muscular dystrophy | `X-linked recessive (only males); a metabolic defect, a deficit of dystrophin, a muscle cell membrane protein, leads to degeneration/necrosis of cell; skeletal muscle fiberas are replaced by fat/fibrous connective tissue; muscle funtions is lost
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| Ankylosing spondylitis | vertebral joints first become inflamed; fibrosis, calcificatin or fusion of joints follow; the result is ankylosis or fixation of the joints. Inflammtion begins in the lower back (sacrial joint) progresses up the spince, causing a "poker back"
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| Rheumatoid arthritis | autoimmune disorder causing chronic systemic inflammaroty disease; remissions/exacerbations lead to progressive joint damage. Rheumatoid factor (RF) is an antibody against I-Gh that is present in blood. Mobility is impaired
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| Gout | common in men (> 40 yo) joint disease; results from deposits of uric acid (waste) & urate crystals in the joint developing acute inflammatory response. Gout affects a single joint; articular cartilage is damaged;
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| Cholelithiasis | the formation of gallstones (solid masses/calculi bile formation); Larger stones obstruct bile flow causing pain; inflammation /infection in the biliary may provide exaccerbate stone formation.
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| Osteocytes | mature bone cells (osteoblasts) tha lie b/t rings of matrix in spaces called lacunae.
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| Osteoblasts | new bone forming cells
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| Osteoclasts | reabsorbs & removes old & damaged bone cells
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| Stem cells | a basic cell that may divide to give rise to a variety of specialized cells.
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| Hepatits A (infectious) | affects kids & young adults through fecal-oral & sexual contact (contamiated water & homosexual partners). Incubation pd of 2-6 wks.
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| Hepatitis B (serum) | insidious onsetl thr blood & sexual contact that worsens w/age: double-stranded DNA virus; has 3 antigens; incubation pd or 2 months
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| Hepatits C (non-A, non-B) | insidious onset in adults thru blood & parenteral routes; most common from blood transfusions; single stranded RNA virus; incuation pd of 2 wks-6 mths (usually 9 wks)
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| Heptitis E | acute fecal-oral route: may be sever; single stranded RNA virus; similar to type A; common in Africa & Asia w/high mortality rate in pregnat women; incubation pd is 2-9 wks.
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| Toxic Hepatits | direct exposure; incubation days to months; can be acute or chronic; caused by hepatotoxins
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| Hepatitis Chronic non-infectious | autoimmune; idiopathic; chronic; unknown incubation pd.
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| Baroreceptors | pressure-sensitive nerve endings tha detect changes in blood pressure & alerts cardiac system. Located inwalls or aortic arch, atria of hearts, and carotid sinuses.
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| Cardia preload | the stretch of ventricular muscle fiber @ the end of diastole; Cardiac output increases; reflected by ventricular pressure & volume @ the part of the cardiace cycle.
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| Glycogenosis | the synthesis of glycogen from glucose
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| Achalasia | abnormal condiditon characterized by inability of a muscle to relax. particularly the LES
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| Myelomeningocele | developmental defect of CNS in which hernial sac containing a porton of spinal cord, its meninges, & cerebrospinal fluid protures thru a congenital cleft in the vertebral column; caused by failure of neural tube to close during embryonic development
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| Steatorrhea | fatty, bulky stool resulting from malabsorption
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| Gastrin cells | secretes gastrin when food enters the stomach & stimulates parietal & cheif cells
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| Mucous cells | secretes gastrin in pyloric antrum; secretes mucous
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| Parietal cells | secrestes hydrochloric acid (Hcl) and produces intrinsic factor; located in fundus
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| Cheif cells | secrete pesinogen; located in fundus
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| Pancreatic exocrine secretions | secrete digestive enzymes, electrolytes & water into tiny ducts & secrest hormones secretin & cholecystokinin.
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| Pancreatic endocrine secretions | secrete glucagon & indulin
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| Lab values- Uric acid | 2-6 mg/dl
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| Lab values - Bilirubin | direst = max 0.3 mg/dl; indirect = 0.1 - 1.0 mg/dl
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| Lab values - AST | 8 - 20 U/L (males); 81 - 40 U/L (females)
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| Lab values- ALT | 98 - 251 U/L (males); 81 - 312 U/L in females
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| Peptic Ulcer Disese (Predisposing factors) | Male; live in western countrym familial incidence of duodenal ulcers, stress & anxiety, trauma, aging & blood group O.
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| Chron;s disease (Predisposing factors) | prevalent in adults 20-4-; runs in family; immune disorders; infections; allergies; obstructions
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| Cholelithiasis - Predisposing factors | Female. obesity, high calories & high cholesterol diet, increased infections; allergies; obstructions
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| Acute gastritis - signs and symptoms | anorexia, N/V, hematemesis, epigastic pain, cramps, fever, HA, diarrhea
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| Chronic gastritis - signs and symptioms | milds epigastric discomfort, anorexia or inolerance for certain foods; increase risk for peptic ulcers & gastric carcinoma
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| Peptic ulcer disease (PUD) - signs and symptoms | epigastric vurning or aching pain; heartburn, N/V, weight loss or gain
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| Cholecystitis - signs and symptoms | severe waves of pain on RUQ or epigastric area sometimes radiating to back & right shoulder, N/V, jaundice, belching, & bloating, clay colored stoolds, chills, fever, light-headedness
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| Acute pancreatitis - signs and symptoms | severe epigastric or abd. pain radiating to the back, signs of shcok-low BP, pallor & sweating, rapid, weak pulse-hemorrhage, low-grade fever; abd distention, & decreased bowel sounds
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| Appendicitis - signs and symptoms | periumbilical pain, N/V, pain in RLQ of abdomen * tenderness, after rupture pain is relieved, then pain recurs as steady & sever, low-grade fever, leukocytosis (rigid board-like abd, tachycardia & hypotnesion=peritonitis)
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| Digestion - Mouth | mastication of food; adds saliva for digestion
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| Digestion - Esophagus | swallowing ood; carries bolus to stomach
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| Digestion - Stomach | mixes food & dilutes chime; gastric secretions; digests protein, adds intrinsic factor & acids; holds food
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| Digestion - Small Intestine | bile emulsifies fat; pancreatic secretions; intestinal secretions, which digest fat, protein & carbs; absorbs nutrients; most digetion t akes place.
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| Digestion - Colon | absorbes water & electrolyes
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| Digestion - Rectum | storage until defecation
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| Accessory Glands/organs - Liver | carb metabolism; filter/detoxifies blood; removes amonia= urea, produces plasms protein, nonessential amino acids & VIt. A; stores nutrients; produces bile; convert glucose-glycogen (muscle fuel storage); stores fat & converts excess sugar to fat
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| Accessory Glands/organs - Gallbladder | store & concentrate bile produced liver
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| Accessory Glands/Organs | secretes 1000 mL of digestive enzymes daily; releases 2 hormones (secretin & cholecystokinin); secretes glucagon & insulin. Contain both endocrine and exocrine glands
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| Open( Compound) fracture | involves skin breakage; bone frgments may be angles & protude thru skin; more damage to soft tissue, including blood vessels & nerves; higher risk for infection
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| Closed fracture | skin is not broken
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| Complete fracture | bone is broken to form tow or more seperate pieces
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| Incomplete fracture | bone is only partially broken
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| Greenstick fracture | common in softer bones in kids; shaft of bone is bent, teraing the cortical (outer layer) bone on one side but not extending all the way through.
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| Simple fracture | single break in bone & bone ends maintain alignment & position
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| Comminuted fracture | bone is crushed or collapsed into tiny pieces; common in certebraie
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| Impacted fracture | one end of bone is forced into another bone
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| Pathololgic fracture | results from weakness in bone structure d/t condition; spontaneous fracture w/very little sress to the bone.
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| Stress (fatigue) fractures | results from repeated excessive stress; common n tivia, femur & 2nd or 3rd metatarslas.
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| Depressed fracture | broken section of skull forced inward of brain
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| Transverse fracture | a fraction across the bone
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| Linear fracture | break along axis of bone
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| Oblique fracture | one at the angle to the diaphysis of the bone
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| Spiral fracture | break that angles around the bone; twisting injury
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| Colles' fracture | a break in distal radius at wrist, sometimes ulnar is damaged.
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| Pott's fracture | fracture of lower fibula d/t excessive stress on ankle; tibia may be damaged.
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