Disorders: musculoskeletal, digestive, cardiovascular, neurolotical
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| Esophageal atresia | show 🗑
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| show | may be developmental in infants, or acquired later in life, usually b/c of fibrous scar tissue; the pyloric muscle is hypertrophied & can be palpated as a hard mass in the abd.
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| show | "inflammation in the stomach"; atrophy of the mucosa of stomach, w/loss of secretory glands; seen in indviduals w/PUD, alcohol abuse, and aging; Also Autoimmune disorders are associated; loss of parietal cells leads to achlorhydria & lack of Vit B-12
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| show | a common fungal infection that occurs in people who have taken broad spectrum atibiotics, cancer chemotherapy, or glucocorticoids & in those who have diabetes or are immunosuppressed; may appear as red, swollen and white curdlike material on mucosa
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| Alzheimer's disease | show 🗑
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| show | an inherited disorder that does not manifest until midlife: maternal inheritance delays onset longer than inheritance from fathers. Progressive atrophy of the brain occurs. w/degeneration of neurons: depletion of GABA, ACh
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| Amyotrphic laterl sclerosis | show 🗑
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| show | dysfuntion of extrapyramidal motor system occurs b/c or pregressive degenerative changes in basla nuclei; decreased # of neurons secrete dopamine leading to an imbalance b/t excitation & inhibition of basal nuclei: s/s tremors, facial/ocular
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| Peptic Ulcer Disease | show 🗑
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| show | inflammation commences in the rectum & progresses thru colon.; Inflammed Mucosa becomes edematous/friable and ulcerations develops. Vascular granulation tissue forms and easily bleeds; large coalesce areas become denuded.
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| show | a condition demonstrating extensive diffuse fibrosis loss of lobular organization; regenerated hepatocyte nodules may be present; progressive disorder leading to liver failure; Pathophysiologic effects evolve loss of liver cell functions
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| Thrombus formation | show 🗑
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| show | Infection from a group of viruses that target the hepatocytes: these include: hepatitis A (HAV ), HBV, HCV, HDV, & HEV. Liver cells are damaged by direct action of the virus or by cell-mediated immune responses to the virus. Liver necrosis results
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| show | Inflammation of pancreas resulting from autodigestion of tissues; acute or chronic; autodigestion follow premature activiation of pancreatic proenzymes w/in the pancreas; (trypsin, proteases amylase & lipase); Massive Inflammation process
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| Esophageal varices | show 🗑
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| show | affects digestive tract, frequently small intestines. inflammation occurs (skip lesions) with affected segments clearly separated by normal tissue. Mucosal inflammation leads to ulcers that tend to coalesce to form fissures; Obstucts intrinsic factor
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| Multiple sclerosis | show 🗑
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| Duchenne's muscular dystrophy | show 🗑
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| show | vertebral joints first become inflamed; fibrosis, calcificatin or fusion of joints follow; the result is ankylosis or fixation of the joints. Inflammtion begins in the lower back (sacrial joint) progresses up the spince, causing a "poker back"
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| show | autoimmune disorder causing chronic systemic inflammaroty disease; remissions/exacerbations lead to progressive joint damage. Rheumatoid factor (RF) is an antibody against I-Gh that is present in blood. Mobility is impaired
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| show | common in men (> 40 yo) joint disease; results from deposits of uric acid (waste) & urate crystals in the joint developing acute inflammatory response. Gout affects a single joint; articular cartilage is damaged;
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| Cholelithiasis | show 🗑
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| show | mature bone cells (osteoblasts) tha lie b/t rings of matrix in spaces called lacunae.
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| Osteoblasts | show 🗑
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| show | reabsorbs & removes old & damaged bone cells
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| show | a basic cell that may divide to give rise to a variety of specialized cells.
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| show | affects kids & young adults through fecal-oral & sexual contact (contamiated water & homosexual partners). Incubation pd of 2-6 wks.
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| Hepatitis B (serum) | show 🗑
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| Hepatits C (non-A, non-B) | show 🗑
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| Heptitis E | show 🗑
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| show | direct exposure; incubation days to months; can be acute or chronic; caused by hepatotoxins
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| Hepatitis Chronic non-infectious | show 🗑
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| Baroreceptors | show 🗑
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| show | the stretch of ventricular muscle fiber @ the end of diastole; Cardiac output increases; reflected by ventricular pressure & volume @ the part of the cardiace cycle.
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| Glycogenosis | show 🗑
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| show | abnormal condiditon characterized by inability of a muscle to relax. particularly the LES
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| show | developmental defect of CNS in which hernial sac containing a porton of spinal cord, its meninges, & cerebrospinal fluid protures thru a congenital cleft in the vertebral column; caused by failure of neural tube to close during embryonic development
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| show | fatty, bulky stool resulting from malabsorption
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| show | secretes gastrin when food enters the stomach & stimulates parietal & cheif cells
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| show | secretes gastrin in pyloric antrum; secretes mucous
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| Parietal cells | show 🗑
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| show | secrete pesinogen; located in fundus
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| show | secrete digestive enzymes, electrolytes & water into tiny ducts & secrest hormones secretin & cholecystokinin.
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| Pancreatic endocrine secretions | show 🗑
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| show | 2-6 mg/dl
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| Lab values - Bilirubin | show 🗑
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| show | 8 - 20 U/L (males); 81 - 40 U/L (females)
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| show | 98 - 251 U/L (males); 81 - 312 U/L in females
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| Peptic Ulcer Disese (Predisposing factors) | show 🗑
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| Chron;s disease (Predisposing factors) | show 🗑
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| show | Female. obesity, high calories & high cholesterol diet, increased infections; allergies; obstructions
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| Acute gastritis - signs and symptoms | show 🗑
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| Chronic gastritis - signs and symptioms | show 🗑
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| show | epigastric vurning or aching pain; heartburn, N/V, weight loss or gain
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| show | severe waves of pain on RUQ or epigastric area sometimes radiating to back & right shoulder, N/V, jaundice, belching, & bloating, clay colored stoolds, chills, fever, light-headedness
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| show | severe epigastric or abd. pain radiating to the back, signs of shcok-low BP, pallor & sweating, rapid, weak pulse-hemorrhage, low-grade fever; abd distention, & decreased bowel sounds
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| Appendicitis - signs and symptoms | show 🗑
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| Digestion - Mouth | show 🗑
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| Digestion - Esophagus | show 🗑
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| show | mixes food & dilutes chime; gastric secretions; digests protein, adds intrinsic factor & acids; holds food
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| show | bile emulsifies fat; pancreatic secretions; intestinal secretions, which digest fat, protein & carbs; absorbs nutrients; most digetion t akes place.
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| show | absorbes water & electrolyes
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| show | storage until defecation
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| show | carb metabolism; filter/detoxifies blood; removes amonia= urea, produces plasms protein, nonessential amino acids & VIt. A; stores nutrients; produces bile; convert glucose-glycogen (muscle fuel storage); stores fat & converts excess sugar to fat
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| show | store & concentrate bile produced liver
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| Accessory Glands/Organs | show 🗑
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| Open( Compound) fracture | show 🗑
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| Closed fracture | show 🗑
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| Complete fracture | show 🗑
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| Incomplete fracture | show 🗑
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| Greenstick fracture | show 🗑
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| show | single break in bone & bone ends maintain alignment & position
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| show | bone is crushed or collapsed into tiny pieces; common in certebraie
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| Impacted fracture | show 🗑
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| show | results from weakness in bone structure d/t condition; spontaneous fracture w/very little sress to the bone.
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| Stress (fatigue) fractures | show 🗑
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| show | broken section of skull forced inward of brain
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| show | a fraction across the bone
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| show | break along axis of bone
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| show | one at the angle to the diaphysis of the bone
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| Spiral fracture | show 🗑
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| show | a break in distal radius at wrist, sometimes ulnar is damaged.
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| show | fracture of lower fibula d/t excessive stress on ankle; tibia may be damaged.
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