Vet Dentistry
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| What is MACRODONTIA? | Crown is oversized but the root and pulp cavity are normal
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| What is TAURODONTIA? What dog breed is this seen in? | Crown and pulp chamber are enlarged while the root is typically small
Boxers
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| What is a PEG TOOTH? | small, conical or cone shaped tooth with a single cusp
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| What is MICRODONTIA? | the crown has a normal shape but is small
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| What is DENS IN DENTE? | "tooth within a tooth" forms when the top of the tooth bud folds onto itself producing additional layers of enamel, cementum, dentin, or pulp inside the tooth as it develops
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| What is a FUSION TOOTH? | 2 separate tooth buds joined at the crown by enamel and possibly dentin
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| What is CONCRESCENCE? | fusion of the cementum and sometimes dentin of two teeth only along their roots
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| What is a GEMINATION tooth? | The developing bud attempted to split but failed
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| What is TWINNING? | occurs when there has been a complete cleavage of the splitting gemination bud, with the extra tooth being a mirror image of the original
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| What are SHELL TEETH? | little or no root development but there is a crown
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| What is AMELOGENESIS IMPREFECTA? | hereditary reduction in the amount of enamel matrix laid down during formation
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| What is the clinical appearance of ENAMEL HYPOCALCIFICATION? What is one viral cause? | enamel pitting, discoloration
Canine distemper virus
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| What effect do tetracycline compounds have on teeth? | causes intrinsic dental staining
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| What terms describe missing teeth? | hypodontia
oligodontia
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| What term describes that all teeth are missing? | anodontia
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| What is an operculum? | A thick, fibrous gingival covering an impacted tooth
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| What part of the palate is affected by a primary cleft? | defect between the incisal bone and maxilla: anterior lesion lateral to midline
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| What is another term for cleft lip? | cheiloschisis
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| What breeds are most often affected by craniomandibular osteopathy? | West Highland White
Scottish
Cairn terriers
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| What is the common underlying pathology of rubber jaw? | renal dysplasia, secondary renal hyperparathyroidism
Generalized osteodystrophy is more common in older animals
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| What is the definition of EROSION? | external loss of tooth hard tissue due to a chemical process without active bacterial involvement
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| What is the general cause of external resorption? | inflammatory response of surrounding alveolar bone and/or periodontal ligament
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| What is the general cause of internal resorption? | Inflammation of the pulpal tissue
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| What is a common cause of external resorption? | mechanical forces of mastication, esp. when exaggerated
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| What is ABFRACTION? | Tooth flexure resulting from mastication that causes imperceptible cracks or chips at the CEJ
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| How do carious lesions develop? | Acidic products from bacterial fermentation of carbohydrates decalcify inorganic material of enamel and dentin
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| What is a PYOGENIC GRANULOMA? | granulomatous reaction to irritation at a specific site: red, friable proliferation of the gingival margin
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| Where are draining fistulae generally located when caused by periodontal abscess? | Coronal to mucogingival margin
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| Where are draining fistulae generally located when caused by endodontic abscess? | apical to mucogingival margin
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| List additional names for ULCEROMEMBRANOUS STOMATITIS | Necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis
Vincent's stomatitis
trench mouth
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| Where does ulceromembranous stomatitis classically appear first? | ulceration of the interdental papillae or marginal gingiva
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| What is the suspected cause of ulceromembranous stomatitis ? | opportunistic oral flora (spirochetes, fusiform bacteria) synergistically act in the presence of oral insult or poor oral hygiene
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| What is characteristic appearance of mycotic stomatitis? | Ulcers coated with white plaque, primarily located on the tongue and at mucocutaneous margins
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| What systemic auto-immune diseases can cause mucosal ulceration in dogs? | Pemphigus vulgaris
Bullous pemphigoid
Systemic lupus erythematosus
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| What is toxic epidermal necrolysis? | acute, severe hypersensitivity rxn to drugs (penicillin, chloramphenicol, tetracyclines, chlorhexidine)
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| What sequellae of Diabetes Mellitus can enhance progression of periodontitis? | Xerostomia, vasculitis
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| What sequellae of Renal Failure affect the oral cavity? | uremic ulceration
Elevated salivary ammonia levels
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| What is calcinosis circumscripta? | white, chalky/gritty nodules in the tongue and buccal mucosa. Idiopathic. Seen in large breed dogs. Can progres to shallow ulcerations
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| Which organ/tissue in the mouth has the highest cellular turnover rate? | Tongue
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| What vitamin deficiency often manifests in oral disease? | Vit B: niacin, biotin, riboflavin
Vit C
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| What mineral deficiency will result in rubber jaw? | Calcium, deficiency -->secondary hyperparathyroidism
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| What nutrient excess may cause proliferative gingiva and affect the incisors in cats? | Vit A
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| What infectious agents have a predilection for the tongue? | Calicivirus
Herpesvirus
Rhinotracheitis virus
Leptospira canicola
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| How can hypothyroidism affect the tongue? | macroglossia
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| How does hypoparathyroidism affect the tongue? | Ulceration and necrosis o f the tip
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| What nutritional deficiency will manifest in the lips? | Niacin
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| How does MANDIBULAR NEUROPRAXIA present? | Dropped-open mouth that can be closed passively with little effort (tx w/rest and conservative support)
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| What is the radiographic diagnostic threshold for detecting metastatic lesions? | 0.5- 1 cm diameter
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| What is a radiographically diagnostic sign of a dentigerous cyst? | distinct radiolucen area around the crown of an embedded tooth
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| What type of epulis can resemble gingival hyperplasia? | Fibromatous epulis
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| What is the most common malignant oral tumor in dogs? | Melanosarcoma
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| What is the most common malignant oral tumor in cats? | Squamous Cell Carcinoma
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| What is the second most common malignant oral tumor in dogs? | Squamous Cell Carcinoma
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| What are the 2 types of SCC? Which has the better prognosis? | Tonsillar and Non-tonsillar (better px)
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| What is the third most common tumor in dogs? What is typical signalment at onset? | Fibrosarcoma
male dogs >7.5 years old
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| What is the most common tumor in the tongue? | SCC
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| What 2 acid producing bacteria are the primary initiators of human caries? JVD Fall 2012 | Streptococcus mutans, Lactoobacilli sp.
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| What is the definition of dental caries? JVD Fall 2012 | decalcification of the mineralized dental components followed by disintegration and destruction of the orgnic fibrous and cellular components by acid producing bacteria
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| What are 2 subclassifications of dentigerous cysts? JVD Winter 2012 | eruption or follicular cysts
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| From what tissues can an odontogenic cyst arise? JVD Winter 2012 | tooth germ, enamel epithelium of a tooth crown, epithelial rests of Malassez, dental lamina remnants, or the basal layer of the oral epithelium
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| How does a dentigerous cyst develop? JVD Winter 2012 | fluid accumulates in the area between the reduced enamel epithelium and the crown of the impacted or unerupted tooth
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| What are 4 different auto-immune diseases that can present with mucosal ulcerations in the mouth (i.e. ddx for CUPS)? Which one is NOT a vesiculobullous dz? JVD Spring 2011 | mucous membrane pemphigoid (MMP), bullous pemphigoid (BP), epidermolysis bullosa acquisita (EBA), lupus erythematosis (systemic or discoid)
LE is not a vesiculobullous dz
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| When there are mucosal ulcerations in the mouth, what is a clinical give-away that it is more likely caused by auto-immune dz rather than CUPS? JVD Spring 2011 | other cutaneous or mucous membrane lesions generally indicated it is AI-dz
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| What is craniomandibular osteopathy? What breed/group is it most common in? JAAHA 2011 | bilateral, irregular, ossoeproliferative, nonneoplastic disease of dogs that usually affects the bones of the cranium. Terrier group
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| How does azotemia result in oral ulcerations? JVD Fall 2011 | excessive urea in saliva is metabolized by bacteria into ammonia which is irritating to oral mucosa, causing vasculitis, leading to ulceration necrosis and or sloughing of mucosa
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| What 2 viruses can cause lingual ulcerations in cats? JVD Fall 2011 | feline calicivirus (most common) and FHV-1 (rhinotracheitis)
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| What is the characteristic radiographic finding in puppies with mandibular periostitis ossificans? JVD Fall 2010 | two-layered ventral mandibular cortex
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| What is hyperostosis? Where can it occur? JVD Fall 2010 | excessive periosteal bone deposition: any bone formed intrramembraneously (i.e. circumferentially around long bones, mandible, cranial vault)
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| Altho periostitis ossificans (PO) shares some similarities with craniomandibular osteopathy (CMO), what features are distinct for CMO? JVD Fall 2010 | signs of CMO: fever, painful bilat. swelling, hyperostosis of mandibles, bullae, bones of cranium (Westies, Scotties, Cairn Terriers...Akita)
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| What is pericoronitis? JVD Fall 2010 | inflammation of the gingiva in relation to the crown of an incompletely erupted tooth...it is exacerbated by trauma, occlusion, and FB which may result in a suppurative lesion, swelling, and lymphadenitis
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| What is the AVDC definition of enamel hypoplasia? | inadequate deposition of enamel matrix
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| What is the genetic basis for amelogenesis imperfecta in humans? JVD Winter 2010 | autosomal-dominant trait (enamel hypocalcification and hypoplasia)
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| What is the difference between enamel hypocalcification and enamel hypoplasia? JVD Winter 2010 | hypocalcification (hereditary, defective maturation of ameloblasts) = undercalcified teeth are soft/chalky
hypoplasia= thin enamel that is hard
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| What is a mucocele? JVD Winter 2010 | an accumulation of saliva in the SQ tissue and consequent tissue rxn to saliva. it has a nonepithelial, nonsecretory lining sonsisting primarily of fibroblasts and capillaries
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| Which salivary gland (and which portion of it) is most commonly associated with mucoceles? JVD Winter 2010 | sublingual salivary gland (rostral portion)
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| Where do salivary mucocele's usually form? What are 2 other common locations? JVD Winter 2010 | intermandibular area (cervical mucocele)
sublingual, pharyngeal
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| What is the tx recommendation for salivary mucoceles? JVD Winter 2010 | surgical removal of the salivary gland/duct complex which is the origin of the mucocele (usually mandibular and sublingual glands are both removed b/c they are so intimately oriented) and passive drainage of the mucocele.
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| Is it recommended to attempt to dissect and remove a mucocele? Why? JVD Winter 2010 | No, because they extend through various local tissue planes and will resolve just by removing the source gland/duct and draining them
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| What cat breed appears to be at higher risk for feline orofacial pain syndrome? 2010 J Feline Med Surg | Burmese
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| What factors/events have been associated as triggers for feline orofacial pain syndrome? 2010 J Feline Med Surg | toot eruption, stressful events, other dental dz
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| What is the clinical characteristic of feline orofacial pain syndrome? 2010 J Feline Med Surg | episodic, typically unilateral, discomfort with pain-free intervals. The discomfort is triggered, in many cases, by mouth movements
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| What is a dentigerous cyst? JVD Summer 2009 | a cyst that encloses part or the entire crown of an impacted or late-erupting tooth
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| What is a characteristic radiograhic finding in cases of dentigerous cyst? JVD Summer 2009 | an unerupted tooth embedded in an osseous cyst wall
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| What is the histologic character of the lining of a dentigerous cyst? JVD Summer 2009 | non-keratinized stratified flattened epithelium which is immunoreactive for amelogenin and ssDNA
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| What is the pathological hallmark of acitnomycosis? Are there other disease where this finding may exist? JVD Summer 2009 | demonstration of sulphur granules from infected tissue. Yes, (other diseases that may include this finding are nocardiosis, chromomycosis, eumycetoma, botryomycosis)
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| What are proposed causes of open mouth jaw locking due to ventrolateral displacement of the coronoid mandibular process? JVD winter 2009 | TMJ dysplasia, excessive mandibular symphyseal laxity, skull conformation, degenerative changes of TMJ soft tissues, spasticity of pterygoid muscles
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| What cat breeds are 'over' represented in literature about open mouth jaw locking? JVD Winter 2009 | siamese and persian
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| What are 2 most common surgical techniques used to treat open mouth jaw locking? JVD winter 2009 | partial coronoidectomy, partial zygomectomy
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| What is Wegener's Granulomatosis? JVD winter 2006 | autoimmune (micro)vasculitis manifested in gingival tissue in a dog (but which often affects the repiratory and urinary tracts in humans)
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| What is a classic clinical appearance of Wegener's granulomatosis in a canine with affected oral mucosa? JVD winter 2006 | Strawberry gingivitis
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| What is a "pink tooth of mummery"? 2002 Vet clin small anim | a tooth that has internal resoprtion within the crown, giving it a pinkish color
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| What species besides domestic cats have been shown to develop TR? 2002 summer JVD | wild cats, dogs, people, pigs, rats, mice, marmosets
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| What is the etiology of fibrous dysplasia of bone? is it malignant? JVD summer 2002 | development dz, benign
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| What are 3 benign tumor lesions found on intramembranous bone? JVD summer 2002 | fibrous dysplasia, osteoma, ossifying fibroma
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| What is the difference between condensing osteitis and idiopathic osteosclerosis (IO)? JVD spring 2014 | radiogrpahically = but osteitis is dx'd if rad changes are associated with an endodontically compromised tooth (and/or clinical signs are present). If teeth associated w/bone lesion are normal, it is IO
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| Where are pyogenic granulomas consistently located in cats? JVD summer 2009 | buccal mucosal margin of mandibular M1
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| What is the most common underlying etiology of pyogenic granulomas in cats? JVD summer 2009 | traumatic occlusion w/the cusp of maxillary PM4s
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| What tx is recommended for pyogenic granulomas in cats? JVD summer 2014 | excision of the mass and either odontoplasty or extraction of the ipsilateral max. PM4 +/- extraction of mand M1
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| Is bacteria the cause of pyogenic granuloma? JVD summer 2014 | no, the cause is inflammatory
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| What are 6 possible causes of open mouth jaw locking in cats? JVD fall 2014 | TMJ luxation, TMJ fx, caudal mandibular fx, impingement of the coronoid process of the mandible on the zygomatic arch, mechanical obstruction (teeth), neuropathy
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