Vet Dentistry
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| What are the three basic parts of periodontal hand instruments? | Handle (shaft), Shank, Working end
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| What are 3 types of working ends of perio hand instruments? | Blade, point, nib
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| On scalers/currettes, what is the surface between the 2 blades called? | face
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| On scalers/currettes, what is the outside curve where the shank ends and the working end begins? | Heel
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| What is the benefit of Solid handle perio instruments? | Firmer grip
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| What is the benefit of hollow handle perio instruments? | conduct vibrations better, enhanced tactile sensitivity
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| Which type of instrument grasp is commonly used for mirrors, probes, explorers, curettes, scalers? | modified pen grasp
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| Which perio probe is color-coded with alternating bands at 3, 6,9 & 12 mm? | Marquis probe
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| Which perio probe is indented with lines at 1, 2,3, 5, 7, 8,9 &10 mm? | Williams probe
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| Which perio probe is marked at 3, 6, & 8 mm? | Michigan-O probe
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| Which probes doesn't have calibration markings and is curved? what is it used for? | Nabors No.2 probe, examine furcations
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| Which explorer is designed for detecting subging. calculus and restorative margins? | No. 17 explorer
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| Which explorer is designed for detection of caries or lesions above the gingival margin? | No. 23 explorer, classic Shepherd's hook
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| What are the 2 basic designs of scalers? | Curved sickle scaler and the straight sickle scaler (aka Jacquette scaler)
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| What is the most commonly used area-specific currette? | Graceys currette
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| How are Universal currettes distinct from Graceys curettes in respect to parallelism | Universal currettes: handle parallelism
Graceys curettes: shaft parallelism
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| What is a natural sharpening stone? What texture does it have? | Arkansas oilstone, fine-textured
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| What are examples of artificial stones? What texture do they have? | Aloxite, Ruby, and diamond: coarse texture
India stone: fine or medium texture
Ceramic stone: relatively fine texture
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| What are 2 basic clinical criteria for examining blade sharpness of perio hand instruments? | Shave test (using acrylic test stick)
Visual test (sharp blade does NOT reflect light)
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| What are benefits of working with materials that cure with a light gun | ample time to work with material before it spontaneously cures.
Rapid curing time with reduced polymerization shrinkage
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| What range are most modern light curing guns? | Visible or near-red range of 400-450 nm
higher energy output-->better penetration/deeper cure
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| What is the function of an elevator? | Used as levers or wedges to fatigue the periodontal ligament and its connection to the tooth
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| How are dental luxators different than elevators? | Luxators have a wider more delicate blade and are used in the PDL space to sever the PDL attachment
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| Which type of radiosurgical current is the least traumatic? What level of hemostatis does it provide? | Fully filtered Current: little coagulation effect
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| What is the ideal use of Fully filtered current radiosx? | Sx close to cementum or bone
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| What type of radiosx current is used to coagulate tisues for hemostasis? | Partially rectified current
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| In addition to hemostasis, what is partially rectified current good for? | Electrophoresis to stimulated solutions to penetrate hard tisues: i.e. bleach endo treated teeth, desensitize dentin, cementum
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| What is the most destructive type of radiosx current? | Fulgurating (sparking) current
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| What is fulgurating current used for? | Hemostasis involving osseous sx sites, destruction of cyst remnants, destruction of fistulous tract linings
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| Fulgurating current: advantages? disadvantages? | Advantages: speed, hemostasis, good healing, improved clear field
Disadvantages: odor, shock hazards, restricted use around flammable products
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| How are power scalers classified by the ADA? | Type A: ultrasonic (magnetostricitve, piezoelectric)
Type B: mechanical (sonic or rotary)
Type C: hydraulic
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| At what frequency doe Ultrasonic dental scalers generally function? | >20 kHz ("beyond or above sound")
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| by what two basic mechanisms do US scalers work? | Mechanical kick & cavitation
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| What are the 2 types of magnetostrictive US scaler units? | Ferromagnetic stack & ferrite rod
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| What material is used in ferromagnetic stacks? In what pattern does the tip move? At what frequency do they operate on average? | Nickel
elliptoid, figure-8 pattern
25 kHz
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| What material is used in ferrite rods? In what pattern does the tip move? At what frequency do they operate on average? | Titanium tip
elliptical circular pattern
42 kHz
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| Which tip movement pattern produces fewer potentially unstruck or dead-zones? | More elliptical
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| How does a piezoelectric scaler work? In what pattern does the tip move? At what frequency does it operate? | Expansion/contraction of quartz crystals
Curved linear tip movement
20-45 kHz
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| What is the speed of sound? | 738 mph
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| What is an advantage of sonic/subsonic scalers? | generate less heat (operate at <20 kHz
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| What is likely the most damaging scaling unit? | Rotary: 300,000 rpm w/six sided soft-steel bur-->30 kHz. Requires sharp burs and a delicate touch
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| How do hydraulic scalers work? | "sand-blast" using fine baking soda powder: can cause irritation to soft tissues
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| What is the minimum psi generally needed to drive handpieces powered by compressors? | 30-40 psi, 3 cubic feet per minute at the the hand piece level
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| What are the criteria for ADA classified Type I hand pieces | High speed: 100,000-800,000 rpm
Class A >160,000 rpm
Class B 100,000-160,000 rpm
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| What are the criteria for ADA classified type II hand piece? | Midspeed: 20,000-100,000 rpm
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| What are the criteria for ADA classified type III handpiece? | Low speed: <20,000 rpm
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| Contra-angles for hand pieces that are used at <10,000 rpm are generally best for what tasks? | Restorative pin placement & polishing
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| Contra-angles for hand pieces that are used at 20,000 rpm are generally best for what tasks? | Sectioning of of teeth
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| Contra-angles for hand pieces that are used at >30,000 rpm are generally best for what tasks? | laboratory work
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| What are Contra angles with a 10:1 reduction angle most commonly used for> | endodontics: lentulo spiral paste fillers, gates-glidden drills, peeso burs
Restorative work w/drilling burs for pins
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| High speed handpieces generally operate at ____ rpm and are ideal for ____ | >400,000 rpm: cut teeth and bone efficiently
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| What level of torque do high speed hand pieces generate? | Low torque--> run at lower rpm under load of cutting (bur will stall under excess pressure)
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| What types of burs do high speed handpieces hold? | friction grip
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| What is the preferred metal material for dental burs? | carbide steel
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| what page in Wigg's text has tables that describe dental burs? | p.23
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| How many blades (flutes) do cutting burs have? | six
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| How many blades (flutes) do finishing burs have? | 10+ (more flutes-->smoother finish)
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| What is the difference between crosscut fissure bures and plain-fissure burs? | crosscut burs are more efficient at removing hard tissue
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| What is the difference between Gates Glidden drills and Peeso reamers? | Peeso reamers have a larger torpedo head and can make their own path and do not necesarily follow a pre-existing hole
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| What is green stone abrasive point made of? What is it best used for? | Silicon carbide: remove rough, bulky areas of restoration
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| What is white stone abrasive point made of? What is it best used for? | Dense micrograined aluminum oxide: provides a smooth final surface
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| What is the major difference between steel burs and diamond points? | cutting efficiency and heat generated:
diamond is faster & more aggresive
diamond has greater surface contact-->generates more heat
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| What are extra-course diamond burs best used for? | removal of conective tissues or bone (i.e. crown lengthening procedure)
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| What are coarse grit diamond burs best used for | bulk removal of tooth structure
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| What are medium grit diamond burs best used for? | routine tooth preparations involving dentin and enamel
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| What are fine grit diamond burs best used for? | finishing and margin preparation
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| What are 4 types of straight fissure burs and what numbers are they designated? | 1. plain end-cutting 56, 57, 58
2. cross cut end-cutting 556, 557, 558
3. plain round end 1156, 1157, 1158
4. cross cut round end 1556, 1557, 1558
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| How long are standard FG burs? | 19 mm
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| How long are surgical length FG burs? | 25 mm
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| What is the diameter of the sphere on round bur No. 1/2? No. 1? No. 3? No. 4, 5, 6, 8? | Round
1/2: 0.6 mm
1: 0.8 mm
2: 1 mm
3: 1.2 mm
4: 1.4 mm
5: 1.6 mm
6: 1.8 mm
8: 2.3 mm
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| Why does rinsing stainless steel endo files after use decrease risk for breaking in the canal? Scanning 2012 | b/c reduce surface oxidation, reduce instrument weakening, by removing blood and other fluids
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| What do the numbers assigned to currettes indicate? Where should lower numbered instruments be used in the mouth? JVD Summer 2012 | lower number indicates a smaller blade angle and appplication more rostral in the mouth. Higher numbers are to be used more caudally in the mouth
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| In what way are hoe scalers designed to be used? What is the standard series of hoe instruments? JVD Summer 2012 | pull motion. McCall's series
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| In what way are chisels designed for use and where are they best suited for use? JVD Summer 2012 | in a push motion in tight interproximal spaces
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| Name 3 types of periodontal knives. Visualize their appearance. JVD Summer 2012 | Orban, Kirkland, Oschbein
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| What are 'whities'? JVD Fall 2010 | rubber points impregnated with sintered aluminum oxide used for finishing composite restorations and polishing metal crowns
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| What is the final step in polishing metal crowns during prophy? JVD Fall 2010 | apply rouge (fine red powder of iron oxide) with a cloth wheel
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| What is another name for a Gunther speculum? | Butler's gag (Isgren & Townsend 2016)
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| What is another name for a McPherson speculum? | Hausmann gag
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| Which electrosurgical waveform achieves the most effective hemostasis | partially rectified
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| what is the max. diameter of blood vessel that can be coagulated with electrosurgery? | 2 mm
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| how does obliterative coagulation work? | direct application of the electrosurgical until to the vessel causes the walls to shrink, occluding the lumen by thrombosis and coagulum formation
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| what is the term to describe vessel coagulation achieved by grasping the vessel with an instrument and applying the electrosugical current to the instrument holding the vessel? | coaptive coagulation
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| at what power setting, does electrosurgery cause thermal tissue damage? | 3,000-4,000 Hz
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