Chapter 3-cells
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| _____ is the basic structural and functional unit of living organisms. | show 🗑
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| show | cytoplasm
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| _____ controls cellular activities and typically it lies near the cell's center. | show 🗑
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| show | fluid mosaic model
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| Each lollipop-shaped phospholipid molecule has a polar "head" that is charged and is ______. | show 🗑
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| An uncharged, nonpolar "tail" that is made of two fatty acid chains and is _____. | show 🗑
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| ______ are lipids with attached sugar groups. They are found only on the outer plasma membrane surface and account for about 5% of the total membrane lipid. | show 🗑
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| show | lipid rafts
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| show | integral and peripheral.
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| _____ are firmly inserted into the lipid bilayer. | show 🗑
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| ______ span the entire width of the membrane and protrude on both sides. | show 🗑
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| _____ are not embedded in the lipid. Instead, they attach rather loosely only to integral proteins and are easily removed without disrupting the membrane. | show 🗑
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| _____ is used to describe the fuzzy, sticky, carbohydrate-rich area at the cell surface. | show 🗑
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| _____, a series of integral proteins molecules (including occludins and claudins) in the plasma membranes of adjacent cells fuse together, forming an _____ that encircles the cell. | show 🗑
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| _____ are anchoring junctions - mechanical couplings scattered like rivets along the sides of abutting cells that prevent their separation. | show 🗑
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| On the cytoplasmic face of each plasma membrane is a buttonlike thickening called a _____. | show 🗑
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| show | gap junction
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| show | connexons
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| show | interstitial fluid
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| show | selectively, or differentially, permeable
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| show | passive processes
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| show | active processes
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| show | diffusion and filtration
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| _____ is the tendency of molecules or ions to move from an area where they are in higher concentration to an area where they are in lower concentration, that is down or along their _____. | show 🗑
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| show | simple diffusion
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| show | facilitated diffusion
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| show | carriers
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| _____ are transmembrane proteins that serve to transport substances, usually ions or water, through aqueous channels from one side of the membrane to the other. | show 🗑
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| show | leakage channels
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| The diffusion of a solvent, such as water, through a selectively permeable membrane is _____. | show 🗑
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| Water also moves freely and reversibly through water-specific channels constructed by transmembrane proteins called ______. | show 🗑
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| The total concentration of all solute particles in a solution is referred to as the solution's _____. | show 🗑
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| show | hydrostatic pressure; osmotic pressure.
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| show | tonicity
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| show | isotonic
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| Solutions with a higher concentration of nonpenetrating solutes that seen in the cell are ______. | show 🗑
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| solutions that are more dilute (contain a lower concentration of nonpenetrating solutes) than cells are called _____. | show 🗑
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| _____, like carrier-mediated facilitated diffusion, requires carrier proteins that combine specifically and reversibly with the transported substances. | show 🗑
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| show | primary active transport
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| In _____, transport is driven directly by energy stored in ionic gradients created by operation of primary active transport pumps. | show 🗑
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| show | symport system
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| If the transported substances "wave to each other" as they cross the membrane in opposite directions, the system is called ____. | show 🗑
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| show | primary active transport
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| The most investigated example of a primary active transport system is the operation of the _____, for which the carrier, or "pump" is an enzyme called ____. | show 🗑
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| In _____, fluids containing large particles and macromolecules are transported across cellular membranes inside membranous sacs called ____. | show 🗑
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| Vesicular transport processes that eject substances from the cell interior into the extracellular fluid are called _____. | show 🗑
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| Those in which the cell ingests small patches of the plasma membrane and moves substances from the cell exterior to the cell interior are called ____. | show 🗑
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| show | transcytosis; substance, or vesicular, trafficking
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| The substance to be taken into the cell by endocytosis is progressively enclosed by an infolding portion of the plasma membrane called ____. | show 🗑
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| show | clathrin
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| The uncoated vesicle then typically fuses with a processing and sorting vesicle called an _____. | show 🗑
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| _____, a specialized cell structure containing digestive enzymes, where the ingested substance is degraded or release (if iron or cholesterol), or be transported completely across the cell and released by exocytosis on the opposite side (trancytosis). | show 🗑
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| ______ is common in the endothelial cells lining blood vessels because it provides a quick means to get substances from the blood to the interstital fluid. | show 🗑
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| show | Phagocytosis
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| show | Phagosome
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| show | phagocytes
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| show | amoeboid motion
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| show | pinocytosis
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| ____ is the main mechanism for the specific endocytosis and transcytosis of most macromolecules by body cells, and it is exquisitely selective. | show 🗑
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| _____, tubular or flask shaped inpocketings of the plasma membrane seen in many cells types, are involve in unique kind of receptor-mediated endocytosis called ____. | show 🗑
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| The process of ____, typically stimulated by a cell-surface signal such as binding of a hormone to a membrane receptor or a change in membrane voltage, accounts for hormone secretion, neurotransmitter release, mucus secretion, and ejection of wastes. | show 🗑
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| The substance to be removed from the cell is first enclosed in a protein-coated membranous sac called a ____. | show 🗑
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| show | voltage
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| show | potential membrane
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| show | resting membrane potential; polarized
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| show | electrochemical gradeints
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| ____ are found on almost every cell in the body. They play key roles in embryonic development and wound repair and in immunity. | show 🗑
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| A huge diverse of integral proteins and glycoproteins that serve as binding sites are collectively known as ____. | show 🗑
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| show | contact signaling
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| show | chemical signaling
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| show | ligands
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| _____ acts as a middleman or relay to activate or inactivate a membrane-bound enzyme or ion channel. | show 🗑
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| one or more intracellular chemical signals commonly called ____, are generated and connect plasma membrane events to the internal metabolic machinery of the cell. | show 🗑
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| show | cyclic AMP and Ionic calcium
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| ____ transfer phospate groups from ATP to other proteins. | show 🗑
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| ____ one of nature's simples molecules, is made of a single atom of nitrogen and oxygen. | show 🗑
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| show | electrical signaling
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| ____ is the cellular material between the plasma membrane and the nucleus. | show 🗑
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| show | cytoplasm
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| show | cytosol, organelles, and inclusions
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| show | cytosol
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| ___ are the metabolic machinery of the cell. | show 🗑
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| show | inclusions
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| What are the nonmembranous organelles? | show 🗑
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| show | mitochondria, peroxisomes, lysosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, and Golgi apparatus.
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| _____ are threadlike or lozenge-shaped membranous organelles. They are the power plants of a cell, providing most of its ATP supply. | show 🗑
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| ____ are small, dark-staining granules composed of proteins and a variety of RNAs called _____. | show 🗑
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| Some ribosomes float freely in the cytoplasm. Others are attached to membranes, forming a complex called the ____. | show 🗑
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| ____ make soluble proteins that function in the cytosol, as well as those imported into mitochondria and some other organelles. | show 🗑
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| ____ synthesize proteins destined either for incorporation into cell membranes or for export from the cell. | show 🗑
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| _____ is an extensive system of interconnected tubes and parallel membranes enclosing fluid-filled cavities, or cisternae. | show 🗑
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| show | Rough endoplasmic reticulum
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| show | smooth endoplasmic reticulum
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| ___ consists of stacked and flattened membranous sacs, shaped like hollow dinner plates, associated with swarms of tiny membranous vesicles. | show 🗑
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| show | secretory vesicles or granules
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| show | lysosomes
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| show | acid hydrolases
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| show | endomembrane system
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| ____ are membranous sacs containing a variety of powerful enzymes, the most important of which are oxidases and catalases. | show 🗑
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| show | cytoskeleton
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| show | microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules.
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| ____, the elements with the largest diameter, are hollow tubes made of spherical protein subunits called ____. | show 🗑
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| show | centrosome or cell center
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| Mitochondria, lysosomes, and secretory vesicles attach to the microtubules like ornaments hanging from tree branches. They are continually moved along the microtubules and repositioned by tiny protein machines called ____or ____. | show 🗑
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| show | microfilaments.
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| show | intermediate filaments
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| The centrosome acts as a _____. it has few distinguising marks other than a granular-looking matrix that contains paired ____, small, barrel-shaped organelles oriented at right angles at each other. | show 🗑
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| show | Cilia
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| show | flagella
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| Centrioles forming the bases of cilia and flagella are commonly referred to as ____. | show 🗑
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| show | microvilli
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| show | multinucleate
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| The nucleus has three recognizable regions or structures: the _____, ____ and ___. | show 🗑
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| ____, a double membrane barrier separated by a fluid-filled space. | show 🗑
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| The nuclear enevelope encloses a jellylike fluid called ____ in which other nuclear elements are suspended. | show 🗑
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| ___ are the dark-staining spherical bodies found within the nucleus. | show 🗑
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| show | nucleolar organizer regions
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| show | chromatin
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| show | nucleosomes
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| show | chromosomes
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| ____ is the series of changes a cell goes through from the time it is formed until it reproduces. | show 🗑
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| ____ is the period from cell formation to cell division. | show 🗑
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| show | S phase
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| ____ is essential for body growth and tissue repair. | show 🗑
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| ____ division of the nucleus | show 🗑
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| show | cytokinesis
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| show | mitosis
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| show | prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase
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| ___ begins during the late anaphase and is completed after mitosis ends. | show 🗑
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| The plasma membrane over the center of the cell (the spindle equator) is drawn inward to form a ____ by the activity of a contractile ring made of actin filaments. | show 🗑
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| show | Early prophase
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| show | mitotic spindle
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| show | late prophase
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| ___ is the second phase of mitosis. The two centrosomes are at the opposite poles of the cell. | show 🗑
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| show | Anaphase
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| show | Telophase
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| show | cytokinesis
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| show | gene
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| Most genes of higher organisms contain ___, which are amino acid-specifying informational sequence. | show 🗑
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| show | Messenger RNA (mRNA)
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| ____ part of the ribosomes. | show 🗑
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| ___, small, roughly L-shaped molecules | show 🗑
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| Essential, polypeptide synthesis involves two major steps: ____, in which DNA's information is encoded in mRNA, and ___, in which the information carried by mRNA is decoded and used to assemble polypeptides. | show 🗑
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| Essentially, three basic steps are involved in transcription: ____, ___, and ___. | show 🗑
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| show | promoter
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| show | RNA polymerase
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| show | initiation
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| Using the incoming RNA nucleotides as substrates, the RNA polymerase aligns them with complementary DNA bases on the template strand and then links them together. | show 🗑
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| When the polymerase reaches a special base sequence called a _____, transcription ends and the newly formed mRNA pulls of the DNA template. | show 🗑
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| show | translation
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| show | genetic code
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| show | codon
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| show | anticodon
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| show | extracellular materials
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| show | cellular secretions
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| The most abundant extracellular material is the ____. | show 🗑
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| The development of specific and distinctive features in cells is called ______. | show 🗑
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| ____, a decrease in size of an organ or body tissue, can result from loss of normal stimulation. | show 🗑
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| ____ are strings of nucleotides that cap the ends of chromosomes, protecting them from fraying or fusing with other chromosomes. | show 🗑
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