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Microbiology

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Question
Answer
Normal Microbiota   show
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How does our skin prevent overgrowth of microorganisms?   show
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How does propionibacterium acnes cause pimples?   show
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How does propionibacterium acnes cause body odor?   show
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show We want to avoid getting it into the lungs.  
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What happens if normal microbiota is in the lower respiratory tract?   show
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show 1. Ciliated epithetal cells move mucous upward away from the lower part. 2. Phagocytic action of alveolar macrophages (white blood cells); cells catch other cells, eat and kill them. 3. Lysozyme in mucus  
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Streptococcus sobrinus causes   show
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show teeth with strands of dextran  
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Why do the stomach and small intestine have a lower number of microorganisms than the large intestine?   show
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Do kidneys, ureters, or bladders have normal microbiota?   show
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show Female: cmopex microbiota in flux due to menstrual cycle.  
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What bacteria is predominant in female genetalia?   show
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show 1. Prevent pathogen attachment 2. Consume available nutrients so bad things can't eat them. 3. Produce toxic compounds that in hibit other microbes 4. Prime the immune system.  
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show Organism that exists harmlessly as part of the body's normal environment but becomes a threat when body's immune system fails.  
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Normal microbiota changes because of:   show
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How can a woman get a yeast infection?   show
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Factors impacting the final outcome of host-pathogen relationships   show
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Virulence   show
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show 1. Infectivity 2. Invasiveness 3. Pathogenic potential  
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Define infectivity   show
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Define invasiveness   show
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show Degree to which pathogen can cause damage to host  
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show Lethal and infectious dose  
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Define lethal dose   show
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show number that infects 50% of experimental host  
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Steps of pathogenesis of diseases   show
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show Place to live before/after causing an infection  
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Reservoirs for human pathogens   show
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How are diseases transported? (Two ways)   show
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show cough, sneeze, body contact, etc.  
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Define indirect contact   show
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show Adhesins recognize specific receptors on the host cells surface  
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show Establishment of a site of microbial reproduction on or within a host  
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show Active: penetration of mucous membrane and epithelium Passive: Entering through skin lesions, wounds  
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When does multiplication in the host occur?   show
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Define bacteremia   show
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show bacteria AND toxins in the bloodstream  
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Must occur if microbe is to be perpetuated; and be done by passive mechanisms   show
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show Could be in plasmids or lysogenic phages which can be integrated into chromosomes.  
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show A few  
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Define pathogenicity islands   show
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show During evolution of pathogen by horizontal gene transfer  
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show Environmental factors (control gene expression)  
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What are virulence factors made of?   show
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show disease resulting from entry of a specific preformed toxin into host  
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Define toxin   show
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show Condition caused by toxins in blood of host  
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What is an AB toxin?   show
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show Reponsible for toxic effect; does the damage  
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Role of the B subunit   show
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How do Cytolytic toxins work?   show
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Two forms of cytolytic toxins?   show
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show Forms a hole in the membrane, Water enters and the cell dies  
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Leukocidins   show
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Hemoysins   show
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Neurotoxins   show
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show Interacts with host molecules and cells, activates host enzymes  
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show Fever, shock, blood coagulation, weakness, diarrhea, inflmmation  
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Barriers of nonspecific resistance   show
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Define nonspecific   show
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show Stem cells in the bone marrow  
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show the innate immune system  
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show Perform specific cellular immune responses like assisting B cells and killing foreign cells  
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B cells' job   show
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PAMP   show
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PRR   show
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show Phagocytes recognize PAMPs via a family of membrane bound PRRs. Phagocytes are activated to produce metabolic products that kill the pathogen and limit its effects  
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show Pain, swelling, heat, redness  
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show 1. Bac/path enter wound 2. Injured tissues/macrophages @ site release chemokines which recruit immune system cells to site  
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Define antigen   show
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Second half of Inflammation   show
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show By degrading foreign proteins and presenting them on MHC class II proteins  
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CD8+ cells function   show
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CD4+ cells function   show
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show provides immediate defense against infections and are found in all classes of plant and animal life  
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show Skin, gastrointestinal tract, airways, lungs, eyes, nasopharynx  
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show Highly specialized; systemic cells and processes to eliminate and prevent pathogenic growth; activated by innate immune system  
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Cells used during adaptive immune system   show
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How do immunological memory cells prevent future disease?   show
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show When a person becomes exposed to a pathogen, use the vaccine to destroy/cut virus into small pieces. Antibodies are produced and find virus cells to gather for macrophages to destroy.  
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Vaccinations use active immunity to:   show
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