Microbiology
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Normal Microbiota | show 🗑
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How does our skin prevent overgrowth of microorganisms? | show 🗑
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How does propionibacterium acnes cause pimples? | show 🗑
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How does propionibacterium acnes cause body odor? | show 🗑
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show | We want to avoid getting it into the lungs.
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What happens if normal microbiota is in the lower respiratory tract? | show 🗑
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show | 1. Ciliated epithetal cells move mucous upward away from the lower part. 2. Phagocytic action of alveolar macrophages (white blood cells); cells catch other cells, eat and kill them. 3. Lysozyme in mucus
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Streptococcus sobrinus causes | show 🗑
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show | teeth with strands of dextran
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Why do the stomach and small intestine have a lower number of microorganisms than the large intestine? | show 🗑
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Do kidneys, ureters, or bladders have normal microbiota? | show 🗑
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show | Female: cmopex microbiota in flux due to menstrual cycle.
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What bacteria is predominant in female genetalia? | show 🗑
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show | 1. Prevent pathogen attachment 2. Consume available nutrients so bad things can't eat them. 3. Produce toxic compounds that in hibit other microbes 4. Prime the immune system.
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show | Organism that exists harmlessly as part of the body's normal environment but becomes a threat when body's immune system fails.
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Normal microbiota changes because of: | show 🗑
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How can a woman get a yeast infection? | show 🗑
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Factors impacting the final outcome of host-pathogen relationships | show 🗑
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Virulence | show 🗑
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show | 1. Infectivity 2. Invasiveness 3. Pathogenic potential
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Define infectivity | show 🗑
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Define invasiveness | show 🗑
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show | Degree to which pathogen can cause damage to host
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show | Lethal and infectious dose
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Define lethal dose | show 🗑
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show | number that infects 50% of experimental host
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Steps of pathogenesis of diseases | show 🗑
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show | Place to live before/after causing an infection
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Reservoirs for human pathogens | show 🗑
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How are diseases transported? (Two ways) | show 🗑
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show | cough, sneeze, body contact, etc.
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Define indirect contact | show 🗑
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show | Adhesins recognize specific receptors on the host cells surface
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show | Establishment of a site of microbial reproduction on or within a host
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show | Active: penetration of mucous membrane and epithelium Passive: Entering through skin lesions, wounds
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When does multiplication in the host occur? | show 🗑
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Define bacteremia | show 🗑
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show | bacteria AND toxins in the bloodstream
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Must occur if microbe is to be perpetuated; and be done by passive mechanisms | show 🗑
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show | Could be in plasmids or lysogenic phages which can be integrated into chromosomes.
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show | A few
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Define pathogenicity islands | show 🗑
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show | During evolution of pathogen by horizontal gene transfer
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show | Environmental factors (control gene expression)
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What are virulence factors made of? | show 🗑
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show | disease resulting from entry of a specific preformed toxin into host
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Define toxin | show 🗑
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show | Condition caused by toxins in blood of host
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What is an AB toxin? | show 🗑
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show | Reponsible for toxic effect; does the damage
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Role of the B subunit | show 🗑
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How do Cytolytic toxins work? | show 🗑
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Two forms of cytolytic toxins? | show 🗑
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show | Forms a hole in the membrane, Water enters and the cell dies
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Leukocidins | show 🗑
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Hemoysins | show 🗑
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Neurotoxins | show 🗑
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show | Interacts with host molecules and cells, activates host enzymes
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show | Fever, shock, blood coagulation, weakness, diarrhea, inflmmation
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Barriers of nonspecific resistance | show 🗑
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Define nonspecific | show 🗑
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show | Stem cells in the bone marrow
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show | the innate immune system
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show | Perform specific cellular immune responses like assisting B cells and killing foreign cells
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B cells' job | show 🗑
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PAMP | show 🗑
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PRR | show 🗑
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show | Phagocytes recognize PAMPs via a family of membrane bound PRRs. Phagocytes are activated to produce metabolic products that kill the pathogen and limit its effects
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show | Pain, swelling, heat, redness
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show | 1. Bac/path enter wound 2. Injured tissues/macrophages @ site release chemokines which recruit immune system cells to site
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Define antigen | show 🗑
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Second half of Inflammation | show 🗑
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show | By degrading foreign proteins and presenting them on MHC class II proteins
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CD8+ cells function | show 🗑
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CD4+ cells function | show 🗑
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show | provides immediate defense against infections and are found in all classes of plant and animal life
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show | Skin, gastrointestinal tract, airways, lungs, eyes, nasopharynx
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show | Highly specialized; systemic cells and processes to eliminate and prevent pathogenic growth; activated by innate immune system
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Cells used during adaptive immune system | show 🗑
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How do immunological memory cells prevent future disease? | show 🗑
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show | When a person becomes exposed to a pathogen, use the vaccine to destroy/cut virus into small pieces. Antibodies are produced and find virus cells to gather for macrophages to destroy.
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Vaccinations use active immunity to: | show 🗑
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