Physiology Unit 4 - Blood - Fofi
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| Fluids of the body | show 🗑
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| Composed of plasma, variety of cells | show 🗑
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| show | interstitial fluid
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| Flow of nutrients and oxygen | show 🗑
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| Flow of wastes | show 🗑
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| show | transportation of O2, CO2, metabolic waste, nutrients, heat, hormones; regulation of pH via buffers, regulation of body temperature; protection from disease and loss of blood
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| Physical characteristics of blood | show 🗑
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| Components of blood | show 🗑
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| show | 90% water, 7% plasma proteins
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| Hematocrit | show 🗑
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| Anemia | show 🗑
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| Polycythemia | show 🗑
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| Normal hemoglobin range | show 🗑
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| Blood plasma | show 🗑
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| show | created in liver, confined to the bloodstream; consist of albumin, globulins, and fibrinogen
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| show | plasma protein; contributes to blood osmotic pressure, used for transport
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| show | plasma protein; contributes to defense against foreign particles
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| show | plasma protein; contributes to clotting
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| show | RBCs, WBCs, platelets
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| White blood cells (leukocytes) | show 🗑
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| show | 5 million/drop
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| Normal WBC count | show 🗑
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| Platelet count | show 🗑
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| show | occurs only in red marrow of flat bones like sternum, ribs, skull, pelvis, ends of long bones; most types need to be continually replaced because they die within weeks or days
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| show | contain oxygen carrying protein hemoglobin
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| show | bioconcave disk
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| show | bioconcave disk shape gives increased surface area/volume ratio, allows for flexibility to pass through narrow passages, it has no nucleus or organelles, and no mitochondrial ATP formation
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| Hemoglobin | show 🗑
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| show | each can carry four oxygen molecules; acts as a buffer and balances pH of blood; transports 23% of total CO2 waste from tissue cells to lungs for release
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| Hemoglobin ranges | show 🗑
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| RBC life cycle | show 🗑
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| Processing of “retired” RBCs | show 🗑
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| show | production of RBCs; proerythroblast starts to produce hemoglobin; nucleus ejected, reticulocyte is formed, escapes from bone marrow into blood; ejects organelles, matures into RBC; factors required are erythropoietin (kidneys), vitamin B12, iron
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| show | stimulus--tissue hypoxia; kidneys detect reduced O2 capacity of blood, release erythropoietin; e.poietin catalyzes proerythroblast dev in red marrow into reticulocytes; more reticulocytes enter blood and become erythrocytes; O2 carrying capacity increases
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| White blood cell | show 🗑
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| show | fastest response of all WBC to bacteria and parasites; direct actions against bacteria—release lysozymes, release defensing proteins that act like antibiotics, release strong oxidants that destroy bacteria
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| Basophil | show 🗑
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| show | WBC; leaves capillaries to enter tissue fluid; release histaminase, slows down inflammation; attack parasitic worms, phagocytize antibody-antigen complexes
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| Monocyte | show 🗑
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| Lymphocyte | show 🗑
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| show | detection of changes in numbers of circulating WBCs; indicates infection, poisoning, leukemia, chemotherapy, parasites, or allergic reaction
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| Normal WBC counts | show 🗑
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| show | disc-shaped cell fragment with no nucleus; normal count is 150,000-400,000/drop blood; form in marrow; short life span; aged ones removed by fixed macrophages in spleen; release ADP and other chemicals needed for platelet plug formation
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| Platelet formation | show 🗑
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| show | stoppage of bleeding in a quick and localized fashion when blood vessels are damaged; prevents hemorrhage; methods—vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, blood clotting
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| Vascular spasm | show 🗑
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| Platelet plug formation | show 🗑
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| Platelet adhesion | show 🗑
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| Platelet release action | show 🗑
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| show | activated platelets stick together and activate new platelets to form a mass called platelet plug; plug is reinforced by fibrin threads formed during clotting process
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| show | substances required are Ca++, enzymes made by liver cells (clotting factors), substances released by platelets/damaged tissues; cascade of reactions in which clotting factor activates next in fixed sequence resulting in formation of fibrin threads
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| show | reactions in which blood is transformed from liquid to gel; follows extrinsic and intrinsic pathways; final three steps—prothrombin activator formed, prothrombin converted to thrombin, thrombin catalyzes polymerization of fibrinogen into fibrin mesh.
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| Pathways to prothrombin activator | show 🗑
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| Intrinsic pathway | show 🗑
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| show | takes seconds; damaged tissue leaks tissue factor thromboplastin into blood; activates FVII, which combines w/ Ca2 & clotting FVII to make FVII tissue factor complex, which activates FX, which complexes w/ Ca2, PF3, FV to make prothrominase
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| show | prothrominase+Ca2 catalyze prothrombin to thrombin; thrombin+Ca2 catalyze fibrinogen into fibrin; fibrin strands form basis of clot; fibrin causes plasma to be gel trap; fibrin+Ca2 activate FXIII that crosslinks fibrin mesh, strengthens/stabilizes clot
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| Clot dissolution | show 🗑
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| show | clot formed in unbroken blood vessel; attached to rough inner lining of BV; slow flowing blood allows clot factors to build up and cause coagulation; may dissolve and travel
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| Embolus | show 🗑
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| show | determined by presence/absence of surface antigens; glycoproteins, glycolipids; antigens A, B, and Rh(D); antibodies in plasma; cross reactions occur when antigens meet antibodies
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| Blood type A | show 🗑
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| show | surface antigen for B, anti-A antibodies
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| show | surface antigen for A and B; no antibodies
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| show | no surface antigen; antibodies for both anti-A and anti-B
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| RH blood groups | show 🗑
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| Rh and moms | show 🗑
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| show | AB blood “universal recipients” since no antibodies in plasma, only true if cross match the blood for other antigens; type O blood “universal donors” since have no antigens on cells; theoretically can be given to anyone
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| iron-deficiency anemia | show 🗑
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| show | lack of intrinsic factor for B12 absorption
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| hemorrhagic anemia | show 🗑
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| show | defects in cell membranes cause rupture
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| show | hereditary deficiency of hemoglobin
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| aplastic anemia | show 🗑
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