Respiratory-Human Body Health and Illness
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| Alveolus | tiny grapelike sack in the lungs; the site of gas exchange (oxygen and carbon dioxide) between the air and the blood
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| Bronchus | large airway in the lungs that connects the trachea and bronchioles; there is a left and a right bronchus
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| Bronchioles | small airway tubes in the respiratory tract; composed largely of smooth muscle
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| Compliance | the measure of elastic recoil
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| Epiglottis | cartilage that guards the opening into the larynx; directs food and water into the esophagus
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| Exhalation | process of moving air out of the lungs; the breathing out phase of ventilation, aka expiration
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| Glottis | opening between the vocal cords; an air passage in for the respiratory tract
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| Inhalation | process of moving air into the lungs; the breathing in phase of ventilation, aka inspiration
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| Larynx | structure that contains the vocal cords; voice box
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| Partial pressure | pressure exerted by one gas in a gas mixture
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| Pleura | serous membrane located in the thoracic cavity. There is a visceral pleura and a parietal pleura
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| Surfactants | chemical substance that reduces surface tension, thereby preventing the collapse of alveoli
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| Tidal volume | amount of air inhaled and exhaled during one ventilator cycle
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| Trachea | large airway located between the larynx and bronchus; windpipe
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| Ventilation | moving air into and/or out of the lungs; two phases inhalation (breathing in) and exhalation (breathing out)
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| Vital capacity | the greatest amount of air that can be exhaled following maximal inhalation
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| Aka the windpipe, it is a strong cartilaginous tube that conducts air to and from the lungs | trachea
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| A respiratory structure that communicates with the middle ear by the Eustachian tube | pharynx
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| The Adam’s apple or thyroid cartilage is most associated with this structure | larynx
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| The epiglottis directs food and water from the respiratory passages into this structure | esophagus
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| Called the throat | pharynx
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| Called the voice box because it contains the vocal cords | larynx
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| The point at which the trachea splits; the area is extremely sensitive and elicits coughing when stimulated | carina
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| Located between the larynx and the bronchi and in front of the esophagus | trachea
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| Composed of three parts (naso, oro, and laryngo) | pharynx
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| Large tube that splits into bronchi | trachea
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| These small structures located within the bronchial tree are composed primarily of smooth muscle | bronchioles
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| The exchange of the respiratory gases between the air and blood occurs here | alveoli
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| Large, soft, cone shaped organs that contain the respiratory passages and pulmonary capillaries; they fill most of the thoracic cavity | lungs
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| Because of smooth muscle, this structure can contract and relax, thereby causing constriction and dilation | bronchioles
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| The olfactory receptors are located within these cavities | nasal cavities
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| Mucus drains into the nasal cavities from these structures located in the head | paranasal sinuses
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| The trachea splits into the right and left | bronchi
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| Small respiratory passages that deliver oxygen to the alveoli | bronchioles
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| Structures partially encircled by the pulmonary capillaries | alveoli
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| Called the resistance vessels | arterioles
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| Structures that contain surfactants | alveoli
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| Separated by the nasal septum | nasal cavities
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| The space between the vocal cords | glottis
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| Respiratory structure with the largest cross sectional area; designed for gas exchange | lungs
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| Structure that delivers air to the bronchi | trachea
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| Pulmonary capillaries partially surround these grapelike structures | alveoli
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| Structure that delivers oxygen to the alveoli | bronchiole
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| Lung structure concerned with the exchange of O2 and CO2 | alveoli
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| Apex of the lung | top of the lung
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| Trachea branches into these large structures | primary bronchi
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| Base of the lung | bottom
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| Grapelike structures that contain surfactants | alveoli
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| Windpipe; kept open by rings of cartilage | trachea
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| Large tubes that deliver air to the bronchioles | primary bronchi
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| Membrane on the outer surface of each lung | visceral pleura
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| Space between the visceral and parietal pleural membranes; aka a potential space | intrapleural space
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| Muscle that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity | diaphragm
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| Areas between the two lungs; contains other thoracic structures such as the heart, large blood vessels, and the trachea | mediastinum
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| Dome shaped muscle that is the chief muscle of inhalation | diaphragm
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| For the lungs to remain expanded, the pressure must be negative in this area | intrapleural space
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| Contains the pleural cavity, pericardial cavity, and the mediastinum | thoracic cavity
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| Skeletal muscles between the ribs; move the rib cage up and out during inhalation | intercostals
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| A pneumothorax occurs when air enters this area | intrapleural space
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| Neurotransmitter at the neuro muscular junction (NMJ) (diaphragm and phrenic nerve) | acetylcholine (Ach)
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| A combination of tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, and expiratory reserve volume; about 4600 mL | vital capacity
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| The amount of air that remains in the lungs after the exhalation of the expiratory reserve volume; about 1200 mL; this air cannot be exhaled | residual volume
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| An instrument that measures pulmonary volumes | spirometer
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| The amount of air moved into or out of the lungs with each breath; the average is 500 mL | tidal volume
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| The amount of air you can inhale after a normal inhalation; about 3000 mL | inspiratory reserve volume
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| A pulmonary capacity that is the maximal amount of air exhaled following maximal inhalation | vital capacity
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| The additional volume of air that you can exhale after normal exhalation | expiratory reserve volume
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| The volume of air that you move during normal quiet breathing | residual volume
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| The air that remains in the conducting spaces of the respiratory tract; it is unavailable for exchange; about 150 mL | dead air space
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| The following are instructions for its use, “take the deepest breath possible. Exhale all the air you possibly can into this tube” | spirometer
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| The alveoli | are grapelike sacs located very close to the pulmonary capillaries, primarily concerned with gas exchange, located in the lungs
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| Bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli | are all located within the lungs
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| The epiglottis | prevents food and water from entering the respiratory passages
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| The amount of air maximally exhaled following maximal inhalation | expiratory reserve volume
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| The trachea does not collapse because it is | composed of tough cartilaginous rings
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| In the absence of surfactants | it is difficult to open the alveoli
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| The effect of contractions of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles | increases the volume of the thoracic cavity
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| The phrenic nerve | stimulates the diaphragm to contract
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| The transport mechanism that causes the respiratory gases to move across the alveolar pulmonary capillary membrane | diffusion
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| The stab wound to the chest can cause the lung to collapse because | the intrapleural pressure increases
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| Boyle’s law states | when volume increases, pressure decreases
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| Most oxygen is transported in the blood via | hemoglobin
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| Most carbon dioxide (70%) is transported in the blood via | bicarbonate
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| The medullary respiratory control center | is sensitive to the depressant effects of narcotics
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| What in the blood will increase the rate of breathing | CO2
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| By age 70, vital capacity has decreased by what percent | 33%
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| What is the effect of left lower lobar pneumonia and atelectasis on breathing is | there are fewer alveoli available for gas exchange
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| What is an underlying cause of fever | infection
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| What does the body do in an attempt to clear the respiratory passages | cough
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| The structures that are called the throat, voice box, and the windpipe are | pharynx, larynx, trachea
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| What are the terms that describe the breathing in and out phases of ventilation (4) | inhalation/inspiration and exhalation/expiration
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| What are the respiratory gases | oxygen and carbon dioxide
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| What two serous membranes are located within the thoracic cavity | parietal pleura and visceral pleura
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| Maximal exhalation following maximal inhalation | vital capacity
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| What is the grapelike respiratory structure concerned with the exchange of O2 and CO2 | alveolus
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| What is it when the volume increases and pressure decreases | Boyle’s law
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| What is the primary muscle of inhalation and its motor nerve | the diaphragm and the phrenic nerve
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| What is the amount of air moved during normal quiet breathing | tidal volume
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| What is the color consequence of hypoxemia | cyanosis
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| What is the only structure that functions in the exchange of the respiratory gases between the outside are air and the blood | alveoli
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| What is the passage of air | from the nasal cavities, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli
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| What is the pulmonary capillary membrane | the alveolar
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| What contains the structures of the lower respiratory tract | the lungs
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| What happens if the pressure conditions in the pleural cavity are not correct | the lungs collapse
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| What factors have a tendency to make the lungs collapse | elastic recoil and alveolar surface tension
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| What is the expansion of the lungs caused by | a negative intrapleural pressure within the intrapleural space
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| If the negative intrapleural pressure is eliminated what happens | the lungs collapse
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| What are the three steps in respiration | ventilation, exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the lungs and cells, and transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide by the blood
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| What causes changes in intrapulmonic pressure | changes in thoracic volumes which cause ventilation
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| Inhalation occurs when | the respiratory muscles contract and enlarge the thoracic cage
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| Exhalation occurs when | the respiratory muscles relax, allowing the thorax to return to its smaller, resting thoracic volume
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| The muscles of respiration contract in response to | stimulation of the phrenic and intercostal nerves
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| What two sites does the exchange of the respiratory gases occur | in the lungs and in the cells
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| Oxygen diffuses from the alveoli into | the pulmonary capillaries
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| Carbon dioxide diffuses from | the pulmonary capillaries into the alveoli
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| At the cellular sites, oxygen diffuses from | the capillaries into the cells
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| Carbon dioxide diffuses from | the cells into the capillaries
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| Blood transports | oxygen and carbon dioxide
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| Hemoglobin carries most of the oxygen as | oxyhemoglobin
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| The blood carries most of the carbon dioxide in the form of | a bicarbonate ion (HCO3)
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| Normal breathing is | rhythmic and involuntary
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| What controls breathing | nervous and chemical mechanisms
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| Where are the inspiratory and expiratory neurons located | in the medulla oblongata
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| What can modify breathing patterns | apneustic center and pneumotaxic center in the pons
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| Chemicals in the blood | help control respirations
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| The central chemoreceptors in the brain are sensitive to | carbon dioxide and hydrogen ions
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| The peripheral chemoreceptors are sensitive to | low blood levels of oxygen and an increase in the hydrogen ion concentration
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| What is the major regulator of respirations | pCO2
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| The number of alveoli does what with age | decreases
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| What happens with many of the protective mechanisms of the respiratory system as we age | they decline and place the older patient at a greater risk for respiratory infections
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