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Unit IV Chapter 22
Respiratory-Human Body Health and Illness
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Alveolus | tiny grapelike sack in the lungs; the site of gas exchange (oxygen and carbon dioxide) between the air and the blood |
| Bronchus | large airway in the lungs that connects the trachea and bronchioles; there is a left and a right bronchus |
| Bronchioles | small airway tubes in the respiratory tract; composed largely of smooth muscle |
| Compliance | the measure of elastic recoil |
| Epiglottis | cartilage that guards the opening into the larynx; directs food and water into the esophagus |
| Exhalation | process of moving air out of the lungs; the breathing out phase of ventilation, aka expiration |
| Glottis | opening between the vocal cords; an air passage in for the respiratory tract |
| Inhalation | process of moving air into the lungs; the breathing in phase of ventilation, aka inspiration |
| Larynx | structure that contains the vocal cords; voice box |
| Partial pressure | pressure exerted by one gas in a gas mixture |
| Pleura | serous membrane located in the thoracic cavity. There is a visceral pleura and a parietal pleura |
| Surfactants | chemical substance that reduces surface tension, thereby preventing the collapse of alveoli |
| Tidal volume | amount of air inhaled and exhaled during one ventilator cycle |
| Trachea | large airway located between the larynx and bronchus; windpipe |
| Ventilation | moving air into and/or out of the lungs; two phases inhalation (breathing in) and exhalation (breathing out) |
| Vital capacity | the greatest amount of air that can be exhaled following maximal inhalation |
| Aka the windpipe, it is a strong cartilaginous tube that conducts air to and from the lungs | trachea |
| A respiratory structure that communicates with the middle ear by the Eustachian tube | pharynx |
| The Adam’s apple or thyroid cartilage is most associated with this structure | larynx |
| The epiglottis directs food and water from the respiratory passages into this structure | esophagus |
| Called the throat | pharynx |
| Called the voice box because it contains the vocal cords | larynx |
| The point at which the trachea splits; the area is extremely sensitive and elicits coughing when stimulated | carina |
| Located between the larynx and the bronchi and in front of the esophagus | trachea |
| Composed of three parts (naso, oro, and laryngo) | pharynx |
| Large tube that splits into bronchi | trachea |
| These small structures located within the bronchial tree are composed primarily of smooth muscle | bronchioles |
| The exchange of the respiratory gases between the air and blood occurs here | alveoli |
| Large, soft, cone shaped organs that contain the respiratory passages and pulmonary capillaries; they fill most of the thoracic cavity | lungs |
| Because of smooth muscle, this structure can contract and relax, thereby causing constriction and dilation | bronchioles |
| The olfactory receptors are located within these cavities | nasal cavities |
| Mucus drains into the nasal cavities from these structures located in the head | paranasal sinuses |
| The trachea splits into the right and left | bronchi |
| Small respiratory passages that deliver oxygen to the alveoli | bronchioles |
| Structures partially encircled by the pulmonary capillaries | alveoli |
| Called the resistance vessels | arterioles |
| Structures that contain surfactants | alveoli |
| Separated by the nasal septum | nasal cavities |
| The space between the vocal cords | glottis |
| Respiratory structure with the largest cross sectional area; designed for gas exchange | lungs |
| Structure that delivers air to the bronchi | trachea |
| Pulmonary capillaries partially surround these grapelike structures | alveoli |
| Structure that delivers oxygen to the alveoli | bronchiole |
| Lung structure concerned with the exchange of O2 and CO2 | alveoli |
| Apex of the lung | top of the lung |
| Trachea branches into these large structures | primary bronchi |
| Base of the lung | bottom |
| Grapelike structures that contain surfactants | alveoli |
| Windpipe; kept open by rings of cartilage | trachea |
| Large tubes that deliver air to the bronchioles | primary bronchi |
| Membrane on the outer surface of each lung | visceral pleura |
| Space between the visceral and parietal pleural membranes; aka a potential space | intrapleural space |
| Muscle that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity | diaphragm |
| Areas between the two lungs; contains other thoracic structures such as the heart, large blood vessels, and the trachea | mediastinum |
| Dome shaped muscle that is the chief muscle of inhalation | diaphragm |
| For the lungs to remain expanded, the pressure must be negative in this area | intrapleural space |
| Contains the pleural cavity, pericardial cavity, and the mediastinum | thoracic cavity |
| Skeletal muscles between the ribs; move the rib cage up and out during inhalation | intercostals |
| A pneumothorax occurs when air enters this area | intrapleural space |
| Neurotransmitter at the neuro muscular junction (NMJ) (diaphragm and phrenic nerve) | acetylcholine (Ach) |
| A combination of tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, and expiratory reserve volume; about 4600 mL | vital capacity |
| The amount of air that remains in the lungs after the exhalation of the expiratory reserve volume; about 1200 mL; this air cannot be exhaled | residual volume |
| An instrument that measures pulmonary volumes | spirometer |
| The amount of air moved into or out of the lungs with each breath; the average is 500 mL | tidal volume |
| The amount of air you can inhale after a normal inhalation; about 3000 mL | inspiratory reserve volume |
| A pulmonary capacity that is the maximal amount of air exhaled following maximal inhalation | vital capacity |
| The additional volume of air that you can exhale after normal exhalation | expiratory reserve volume |
| The volume of air that you move during normal quiet breathing | residual volume |
| The air that remains in the conducting spaces of the respiratory tract; it is unavailable for exchange; about 150 mL | dead air space |
| The following are instructions for its use, “take the deepest breath possible. Exhale all the air you possibly can into this tube” | spirometer |
| The alveoli | are grapelike sacs located very close to the pulmonary capillaries, primarily concerned with gas exchange, located in the lungs |
| Bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli | are all located within the lungs |
| The epiglottis | prevents food and water from entering the respiratory passages |
| The amount of air maximally exhaled following maximal inhalation | expiratory reserve volume |
| The trachea does not collapse because it is | composed of tough cartilaginous rings |
| In the absence of surfactants | it is difficult to open the alveoli |
| The effect of contractions of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles | increases the volume of the thoracic cavity |
| The phrenic nerve | stimulates the diaphragm to contract |
| The transport mechanism that causes the respiratory gases to move across the alveolar pulmonary capillary membrane | diffusion |
| The stab wound to the chest can cause the lung to collapse because | the intrapleural pressure increases |
| Boyle’s law states | when volume increases, pressure decreases |
| Most oxygen is transported in the blood via | hemoglobin |
| Most carbon dioxide (70%) is transported in the blood via | bicarbonate |
| The medullary respiratory control center | is sensitive to the depressant effects of narcotics |
| What in the blood will increase the rate of breathing | CO2 |
| By age 70, vital capacity has decreased by what percent | 33% |
| What is the effect of left lower lobar pneumonia and atelectasis on breathing is | there are fewer alveoli available for gas exchange |
| What is an underlying cause of fever | infection |
| What does the body do in an attempt to clear the respiratory passages | cough |
| The structures that are called the throat, voice box, and the windpipe are | pharynx, larynx, trachea |
| What are the terms that describe the breathing in and out phases of ventilation (4) | inhalation/inspiration and exhalation/expiration |
| What are the respiratory gases | oxygen and carbon dioxide |
| What two serous membranes are located within the thoracic cavity | parietal pleura and visceral pleura |
| Maximal exhalation following maximal inhalation | vital capacity |
| What is the grapelike respiratory structure concerned with the exchange of O2 and CO2 | alveolus |
| What is it when the volume increases and pressure decreases | Boyle’s law |
| What is the primary muscle of inhalation and its motor nerve | the diaphragm and the phrenic nerve |
| What is the amount of air moved during normal quiet breathing | tidal volume |
| What is the color consequence of hypoxemia | cyanosis |
| What is the only structure that functions in the exchange of the respiratory gases between the outside are air and the blood | alveoli |
| What is the passage of air | from the nasal cavities, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli |
| What is the pulmonary capillary membrane | the alveolar |
| What contains the structures of the lower respiratory tract | the lungs |
| What happens if the pressure conditions in the pleural cavity are not correct | the lungs collapse |
| What factors have a tendency to make the lungs collapse | elastic recoil and alveolar surface tension |
| What is the expansion of the lungs caused by | a negative intrapleural pressure within the intrapleural space |
| If the negative intrapleural pressure is eliminated what happens | the lungs collapse |
| What are the three steps in respiration | ventilation, exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the lungs and cells, and transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide by the blood |
| What causes changes in intrapulmonic pressure | changes in thoracic volumes which cause ventilation |
| Inhalation occurs when | the respiratory muscles contract and enlarge the thoracic cage |
| Exhalation occurs when | the respiratory muscles relax, allowing the thorax to return to its smaller, resting thoracic volume |
| The muscles of respiration contract in response to | stimulation of the phrenic and intercostal nerves |
| What two sites does the exchange of the respiratory gases occur | in the lungs and in the cells |
| Oxygen diffuses from the alveoli into | the pulmonary capillaries |
| Carbon dioxide diffuses from | the pulmonary capillaries into the alveoli |
| At the cellular sites, oxygen diffuses from | the capillaries into the cells |
| Carbon dioxide diffuses from | the cells into the capillaries |
| Blood transports | oxygen and carbon dioxide |
| Hemoglobin carries most of the oxygen as | oxyhemoglobin |
| The blood carries most of the carbon dioxide in the form of | a bicarbonate ion (HCO3) |
| Normal breathing is | rhythmic and involuntary |
| What controls breathing | nervous and chemical mechanisms |
| Where are the inspiratory and expiratory neurons located | in the medulla oblongata |
| What can modify breathing patterns | apneustic center and pneumotaxic center in the pons |
| Chemicals in the blood | help control respirations |
| The central chemoreceptors in the brain are sensitive to | carbon dioxide and hydrogen ions |
| The peripheral chemoreceptors are sensitive to | low blood levels of oxygen and an increase in the hydrogen ion concentration |
| What is the major regulator of respirations | pCO2 |
| The number of alveoli does what with age | decreases |
| What happens with many of the protective mechanisms of the respiratory system as we age | they decline and place the older patient at a greater risk for respiratory infections |
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