Language Files 11th edition The Ohio State University
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| Linguistic Competence | "hidden" knowledge. (Stored in your mind)
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| Linguistic perofrmance | the way that they produce and commprehend language. (Revealed in your speech)
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| Performance Errors | errors in language production or comprehension, including hesitations and slips of the tongue.
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| Language | an abstractcognitive system that uniquely allows humans to produce and comprehend meaningful utterances.
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| Communication Chain | The process through which information is communicated, consisting of an information source, transmitter, signal, reciever, and destination.
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| Noise | interference in the communication chain
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| Phonology | study of sound system or sound pattern of language
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| Morphology | study of word formation. (wait on vs. wait for, might could)
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| Historical Linguistics | study of how language changes over time, how languages are historically related to one another.
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| Semantics | word meaning. (knock up, Brittish vs. American)
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| Idiolect | an individual's particular variety of speaking
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| Dialect | a variationof a language that is mutually intelligible with other varieties
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| Five basic characteristics of human language | (1) creativity (2)arbitrariness (3)productivity (4)complexity/systematicity (5) non-biological basis of variation
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| Dialect continuum | a range of dialects spoken across a large geographical area, differing only slightly between areas that are geographically close, and gradually decreasing in mutual intelligibility as the distances become greater
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| Isogloss | a line drawn on a dialect map marking the boundary of an area where a particular linguistic feature is found
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| Blending | Process of creating a new word by combining the parts of two different words Ex: Brunch, Spork
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| Sociolect | dialect associated with a particular social or economic class
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| Where in the US are American English dialects the most concentrated (which geographical location has the most variety)? | East
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| Which area has the least number of dialects (in the US)? | West
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| Backformation | New words that are formed by taking a verb and creating a noun
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| Jargon | Vocabulary words that are usually only used in specific vocations
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| Syntax | a component of mental grammar that deals with constructing phrasal expressions out of smaller expressions. (That's the dog bit me)
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| Sociolinguistics | the study of the interrelationships of language and social structure, of linguistic variation, and of attitudes toward language.
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| Pragmatics | study of how context affects language use
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| Applied Linguistics | the application of the methods and results of linguistic research.
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| Neurolinguistics | study of the neural and electrochemical bases of language development and use
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| Psycholinguistics | the study of the brain and how it functions in the production, perception, comprehension, storage, and acquisition of language.
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| Mutual Intelligibility | Situation in which speakers of different language varieties are able to understand and communicate with one another.
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| Compounding | word formation process by which words are formed through combining two or more independent words
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| Clipping | Process of creating new words by shortening a longer word
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| Coinage | process of creating new words without employing any other word or word part already in existence. Words are created "out of thin air"
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| Conversion | A word created by shifting the lexical catergory of a word to a different category without changing the form of the word.
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| Eponym | A word (such as a place name, invention or activity) that is based on the name of a person or people somehow connected with the word.
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| Linguistic Determinism | Language structure determines (strong) or influences (weak) thought.
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| Linguistic Relativity | Language structure influences (strong) or reflects (weak) culture.
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| Lexicon | (sub~hoagie~grinder~hero~po'boy)
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| prescriptive grammar | A set of rules designed to give instructions reguarding the socially embedded notion of the "correct" or "proper" way to speak or write.
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| descriptive grammar | Objective descrption of a speaker's knowledge of alanguage based on their use of language
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| idiolect | the language variety of an individual speaker
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| sociolinguistics | the study of the interrelationships of language and social structure, of linguistic variation, and of attitudes toward language.
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| geographic isolation | distance, physical barriers
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| Social Isolation | seperation by socioeconomic class, race, age, sex
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| Temporal Isolation | seperation over time, e.g., Old vs. Modern English
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| (3) Sources of Linguistic Diversity: Isolation | (1) Graphic Isolation (2) Social Isolation (3) Temporal Isolation
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| Nature of dialect variation: Accent (pronounciation) | --Phonetics (scots trilled vs. American vocalic r). --Phonology (pen=pin, cot=caught)
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| Nature of dialect variation: Morphology | wait on vs. wait for, might could
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| Nature of dialect variation: Syntax | that's the dog bit me
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| Nature of dialect variation: Semantics | knock up, British vs. American
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| Nature of dialect variation: Lexicon | sub~hoagie~grinder~hero~po'boy
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| Isogloss | line on a map marking the geographic boundary of some linguistic tarit. Bundle of isoglosses: dialect boundary
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| Linguistics | the scientific study of language. LINGUA= 'tongue'
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| Historical Linguistics | the study of how languages change through time; the study of how languages are historically related to one another.
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| Anthropological Linguistics | the study of the relations between language and culture and the relations between human biology, cognition, and language
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| Psycholinguistics | The study of the relationships between linguistic behavior and psychological processes, including the process of language acquisition
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| Neurolinguistics | the study of the neural and electrochemical bases of language development and use.
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| Pragmatics | The branch of linguistics dealing with language in use and the contexts in which it is used.
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| aveolar (speech sound) | sound produced by raising the front of the tongue toward the aveolar ridge (bony structure located behind the upper front teeth) EX: (t, d, s,z,n, l/)
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| bilabial (speech sound) | sound produced by bringing both lips together. EX: (/p,b,m,w/)
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| labiodental (speech sound) | sound produced by making contact between the lower lip and the upper teeth. EX: (/f,v/)
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| interdental (speech sound) | sound produced by positioning the tip of the tongue between the upper and lower teeth.
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| retroflex (speech sound) | sound produced by curling the tip of the tongue behind the aveolar ridge (bony structure located behind the upper front teeth) usually to the top of the mouth
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| velar (speech sound) | sound produced by raising the back of the tongue toward the velum (soft part of the roof of the mouth behind the hard plate) EX: (/k,g,w/)
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| glottal (speech sound) | sounds produced at the larynx. EX:
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| Manner of Articulation: STOP | sound produced by completely obstructing the airstream in the oral acvity and then quickly releasing the constriction to allow the air to escape. (/p, b, t, d, k, g, ?/)
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| Manner of Articulation: AFFRICATIVE | Combination of a stop and a fricative. Sound produced by complete obstruction of the airflow followed by a slight release of the obstruction, allowing frication.
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| Manner of Articulation: FRICATIVE | sound made by forming a nearly complete obstruction of the airstream so that when air passes through the small passage, turbolent airflow. (/f, v, s, z, h
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| Manner of Articulation: NASAL | sound produced by making a complete obstruction of the airflow in the oral cavity and lowering the velum to allow air to pass through the nasal cavity, unlike oral stops. EX: (m, n
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| Manner of Articulation: LIQUID | consonant sound produced by an obstruction of airflow that is less narrow than that of stops or fricatives, but more narrow than that of glides. EX: (l,
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| Manner of Articulation: GLIDE | sound produced with a construction in the vocal tract that is only slightly more constricted than that of vowels. EX: (/j, w/)
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| voiced | sound made with the vocal folds vibrating. EX: (b, d, j, g, v, z,
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| voiceless | sound made without the vocal folds vibrating. EX: (/p, t, k, f, s,
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| Sapir-Whorf hypothesis (strong) | language determines thought and that linguistic categories limit and determine cognitive categories
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| Sapir-Whorf hypothesis (weak) | linguistic categories and usage influence thought and certain kinds of non-linguistic behavior
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| social stratification |
hierarchical structures of class and status in any society
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| slang | informal, typically youth-oriented vocab
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| argot | a secret language used by various groups. vocab or stigmatized groups.
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| jargon | vocab of professional or occupational group.
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| English Only Movement | proposition 227 was made to have English only instruction was implemented in schools.
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| taboo | socially "prohibited" vocab
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| Derivation | morpheme added to create/ deriver a new word.
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| inflection | creation of different grammatical forms of words.
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| accents | variety of language that differs in pronunciation
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| dialects | variety of languages that differ in grammar/structure
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| morpheme | the minimal unit bearing meaning in a language.
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| free morpheme | a morpheme that is not phonologically dependent on any other morpheme EX: WIND-ed
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| bound morpheme | a morpheme that can't stand alone but rather must co-occur within a word with another EX: un, re, ed
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| lexical categories | a category of words, such as nouns or verns, that share certain sematic, morphological, or syntactic properties, or all three.
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| root | the core element of a word. it carries the heaviest sematic load and places restrictions on what kind of morphemes, if any, may be affixed to it.
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| affix | prefix, suffix, infix, circumfix
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| lexicon | mental dictionary
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| consonants | sounds produced with an obstruction to the airflow in the vocal tract
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| vowels | sounds produce without obstructing airflow
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| Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis (linguistic determinism) | language structure determines (strong) or influences (weak) thought.
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| Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis (linguistic relativity) | language structure influences (strong) or reflects (weak) culture.
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| taboo | socially "prohibited" vocab
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| p symbol | Voiceless.
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| b symbol | Voiced.
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| dialect continuum | when a large number of conigious dialects exists. EX: Spain and portugal the dialect is so close, they can still understand eachother to an extent.
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| bi-labial | words using two lips.
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| labio-dental | lips & teeth used
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