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Linguistics
Language Files 11th edition The Ohio State University
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Linguistic Competence | "hidden" knowledge. (Stored in your mind) |
| Linguistic perofrmance | the way that they produce and commprehend language. (Revealed in your speech) |
| Performance Errors | errors in language production or comprehension, including hesitations and slips of the tongue. |
| Language | an abstractcognitive system that uniquely allows humans to produce and comprehend meaningful utterances. |
| Communication Chain | The process through which information is communicated, consisting of an information source, transmitter, signal, reciever, and destination. |
| Noise | interference in the communication chain |
| Phonology | study of sound system or sound pattern of language |
| Morphology | study of word formation. (wait on vs. wait for, might could) |
| Historical Linguistics | study of how language changes over time, how languages are historically related to one another. |
| Semantics | word meaning. (knock up, Brittish vs. American) |
| Idiolect | an individual's particular variety of speaking |
| Dialect | a variationof a language that is mutually intelligible with other varieties |
| Five basic characteristics of human language | (1) creativity (2)arbitrariness (3)productivity (4)complexity/systematicity (5) non-biological basis of variation |
| Dialect continuum | a range of dialects spoken across a large geographical area, differing only slightly between areas that are geographically close, and gradually decreasing in mutual intelligibility as the distances become greater |
| Isogloss | a line drawn on a dialect map marking the boundary of an area where a particular linguistic feature is found |
| Blending | Process of creating a new word by combining the parts of two different words Ex: Brunch, Spork |
| Sociolect | dialect associated with a particular social or economic class |
| Where in the US are American English dialects the most concentrated (which geographical location has the most variety)? | East |
| Which area has the least number of dialects (in the US)? | West |
| Backformation | New words that are formed by taking a verb and creating a noun |
| Jargon | Vocabulary words that are usually only used in specific vocations |
| Syntax | a component of mental grammar that deals with constructing phrasal expressions out of smaller expressions. (That's the dog bit me) |
| Sociolinguistics | the study of the interrelationships of language and social structure, of linguistic variation, and of attitudes toward language. |
| Pragmatics | study of how context affects language use |
| Applied Linguistics | the application of the methods and results of linguistic research. |
| Neurolinguistics | study of the neural and electrochemical bases of language development and use |
| Psycholinguistics | the study of the brain and how it functions in the production, perception, comprehension, storage, and acquisition of language. |
| Mutual Intelligibility | Situation in which speakers of different language varieties are able to understand and communicate with one another. |
| Compounding | word formation process by which words are formed through combining two or more independent words |
| Clipping | Process of creating new words by shortening a longer word |
| Coinage | process of creating new words without employing any other word or word part already in existence. Words are created "out of thin air" |
| Conversion | A word created by shifting the lexical catergory of a word to a different category without changing the form of the word. |
| Eponym | A word (such as a place name, invention or activity) that is based on the name of a person or people somehow connected with the word. |
| Linguistic Determinism | Language structure determines (strong) or influences (weak) thought. |
| Linguistic Relativity | Language structure influences (strong) or reflects (weak) culture. |
| Lexicon | (sub~hoagie~grinder~hero~po'boy) |
| prescriptive grammar | A set of rules designed to give instructions reguarding the socially embedded notion of the "correct" or "proper" way to speak or write. |
| descriptive grammar | Objective descrption of a speaker's knowledge of alanguage based on their use of language |
| idiolect | the language variety of an individual speaker |
| sociolinguistics | the study of the interrelationships of language and social structure, of linguistic variation, and of attitudes toward language. |
| geographic isolation | distance, physical barriers |
| Social Isolation | seperation by socioeconomic class, race, age, sex |
| Temporal Isolation | seperation over time, e.g., Old vs. Modern English |
| (3) Sources of Linguistic Diversity: Isolation | (1) Graphic Isolation (2) Social Isolation (3) Temporal Isolation |
| Nature of dialect variation: Accent (pronounciation) | --Phonetics (scots trilled vs. American vocalic r). --Phonology (pen=pin, cot=caught) |
| Nature of dialect variation: Morphology | wait on vs. wait for, might could |
| Nature of dialect variation: Syntax | that's the dog bit me |
| Nature of dialect variation: Semantics | knock up, British vs. American |
| Nature of dialect variation: Lexicon | sub~hoagie~grinder~hero~po'boy |
| Isogloss | line on a map marking the geographic boundary of some linguistic tarit. Bundle of isoglosses: dialect boundary |
| Linguistics | the scientific study of language. LINGUA= 'tongue' |
| Historical Linguistics | the study of how languages change through time; the study of how languages are historically related to one another. |
| Anthropological Linguistics | the study of the relations between language and culture and the relations between human biology, cognition, and language |
| Psycholinguistics | The study of the relationships between linguistic behavior and psychological processes, including the process of language acquisition |
| Neurolinguistics | the study of the neural and electrochemical bases of language development and use. |
| Pragmatics | The branch of linguistics dealing with language in use and the contexts in which it is used. |
| aveolar (speech sound) | sound produced by raising the front of the tongue toward the aveolar ridge (bony structure located behind the upper front teeth) EX: (t, d, s,z,n, l/) |
| bilabial (speech sound) | sound produced by bringing both lips together. EX: (/p,b,m,w/) |
| labiodental (speech sound) | sound produced by making contact between the lower lip and the upper teeth. EX: (/f,v/) |
| interdental (speech sound) | sound produced by positioning the tip of the tongue between the upper and lower teeth. |
| retroflex (speech sound) | sound produced by curling the tip of the tongue behind the aveolar ridge (bony structure located behind the upper front teeth) usually to the top of the mouth |
| velar (speech sound) | sound produced by raising the back of the tongue toward the velum (soft part of the roof of the mouth behind the hard plate) EX: (/k,g,w/) |
| glottal (speech sound) | sounds produced at the larynx. EX: |
| Manner of Articulation: STOP | sound produced by completely obstructing the airstream in the oral acvity and then quickly releasing the constriction to allow the air to escape. (/p, b, t, d, k, g, ?/) |
| Manner of Articulation: AFFRICATIVE | Combination of a stop and a fricative. Sound produced by complete obstruction of the airflow followed by a slight release of the obstruction, allowing frication. |
| Manner of Articulation: FRICATIVE | sound made by forming a nearly complete obstruction of the airstream so that when air passes through the small passage, turbolent airflow. (/f, v, s, z, h |
| Manner of Articulation: NASAL | sound produced by making a complete obstruction of the airflow in the oral cavity and lowering the velum to allow air to pass through the nasal cavity, unlike oral stops. EX: (m, n |
| Manner of Articulation: LIQUID | consonant sound produced by an obstruction of airflow that is less narrow than that of stops or fricatives, but more narrow than that of glides. EX: (l, |
| Manner of Articulation: GLIDE | sound produced with a construction in the vocal tract that is only slightly more constricted than that of vowels. EX: (/j, w/) |
| voiced | sound made with the vocal folds vibrating. EX: (b, d, j, g, v, z, |
| voiceless | sound made without the vocal folds vibrating. EX: (/p, t, k, f, s, |
| Sapir-Whorf hypothesis (strong) | language determines thought and that linguistic categories limit and determine cognitive categories |
| Sapir-Whorf hypothesis (weak) | linguistic categories and usage influence thought and certain kinds of non-linguistic behavior |
| social stratification | hierarchical structures of class and status in any society |
| slang | informal, typically youth-oriented vocab |
| argot | a secret language used by various groups. vocab or stigmatized groups. |
| jargon | vocab of professional or occupational group. |
| English Only Movement | proposition 227 was made to have English only instruction was implemented in schools. |
| taboo | socially "prohibited" vocab |
| Derivation | morpheme added to create/ deriver a new word. |
| inflection | creation of different grammatical forms of words. |
| accents | variety of language that differs in pronunciation |
| dialects | variety of languages that differ in grammar/structure |
| morpheme | the minimal unit bearing meaning in a language. |
| free morpheme | a morpheme that is not phonologically dependent on any other morpheme EX: WIND-ed |
| bound morpheme | a morpheme that can't stand alone but rather must co-occur within a word with another EX: un, re, ed |
| lexical categories | a category of words, such as nouns or verns, that share certain sematic, morphological, or syntactic properties, or all three. |
| root | the core element of a word. it carries the heaviest sematic load and places restrictions on what kind of morphemes, if any, may be affixed to it. |
| affix | prefix, suffix, infix, circumfix |
| lexicon | mental dictionary |
| consonants | sounds produced with an obstruction to the airflow in the vocal tract |
| vowels | sounds produce without obstructing airflow |
| Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis (linguistic determinism) | language structure determines (strong) or influences (weak) thought. |
| Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis (linguistic relativity) | language structure influences (strong) or reflects (weak) culture. |
| taboo | socially "prohibited" vocab |
| p symbol | Voiceless. |
| b symbol | Voiced. |
| dialect continuum | when a large number of conigious dialects exists. EX: Spain and portugal the dialect is so close, they can still understand eachother to an extent. |
| bi-labial | words using two lips. |
| labio-dental | lips & teeth used |
Created by:
layteenorkeh
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