AP Biology campbells 8th edition
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macromolecules | show 🗑
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show | a long molecule consisting of many similar or identical building blocks linked by a dehydration reactions.
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show | small unit that can join together with other small units to form polymers
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show | A chemical reaction in which two molecules covalently bond to each other with the removal of a water molecule.
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enzyme | show 🗑
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hydrolysis reaction | show 🗑
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show | Carbohydrates consist of sugars and polymers of sugar. They serve as stored fuel and structural material. They are organic compounds made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms in the proportion of 1:2:1
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show | The simplest carbohydrate, serve as a monomer for disaccharides and polysaccharides. Also known as simple sugars, the molecular formulas of are generally some multiple of CH2O.
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Disaccharides | show 🗑
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show | A covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction.
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show | A polymer of up to over a thousand monosaccharides, formed by dehydration reactions. There are two main types of polysaccharides: storage and structural polysaccharides.
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show | A storage polysaccharide in plants consisting entirely of glucose. Humans and most animals have enzymes which can hydrolyze starch for nutrient.
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show | An extensively branched glucose storage polysaccharide found in the liver and muscle of animals; the animal equivalent of starch.
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cellulose | show 🗑
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Lipid | show 🗑
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Glycerol | show 🗑
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show | A long carbon chain with an attached carboxyl group attached to the end and a hydrocarbon chain attached to the carboxyl group. It is this hydrocarbon chain which gives the fatty acid a hydrophobic nature.
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Ester linkage | show 🗑
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Triglyceride | show 🗑
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show | fatty acid chains lacking double bonds; therefore, the chains pack tightly, are solid at room temp and bad fats, major source is animals
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show | Fats that contain one or more double bonds between carbon atoms and have less than the maximum number of hydrogen atoms bonded to carbon
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trans fats | show 🗑
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Phospholipids | show 🗑
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steroids | show 🗑
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cholesterol | show 🗑
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show | A three-dimensional biological polymer constructed from a set of 20 different monomers called amino acids. perform a variety of essential functions - support, movement, transport, buffering, metabolic regulation, coordination, defense.
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enzymatic proteins | show 🗑
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structural proteins | show 🗑
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polypeptides | show 🗑
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amino acids | show 🗑
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show | Covalent bond formed between a carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of another amino acid through a dehydration reaction.
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globular proteins | show 🗑
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fibrous proteins | show 🗑
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primary structure | show 🗑
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show | Secondary structure is the repetitive coiling and folding of the polypeptide backbone of a protein due to hydrogen bond formed between the different amino acids.
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helix | show 🗑
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b pleated sheet | show 🗑
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show | irregular contortions of a protein molecule due to interactions of side chains involved in hydrophobic interactions, ionic bonds, hydrogen bonds, and disulfide bridges
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show | As a polypeptide folds into its functional conformation, amino acids with hydrophobic side chains usually end up in clusters at the core of the protein, out of contact with the water.
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show | Strong covalent bonds formed when the sulfur of one cysteine monomer bonds to the sulfur of another cysteine monomer.
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quaternary structure | show 🗑
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denaturation | show 🗑
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show | protein molecules that assist the proper folding of other proteins
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X-ray crystallography | show 🗑
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Gene | show 🗑
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show | Polymers assembled from individual nucleotides; used to store and transmit hereditary, or genetic, information; the two kinds of nucleic acids are ribonucleic acid (RNA) and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
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show | a complex molecule containing the genetic information that makes up the chromosomes
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RNA | show 🗑
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show | messenger RNA; type of RNA that carries instructions from DNA in the nucleus to the ribosome
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show | A polymer consisting of many nucleotide monomers.
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show | monomer of nucleic acids made up of a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base
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nucleosides | show 🗑
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pyrimidines | show 🗑
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purines | show 🗑
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ribose | show 🗑
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show | five-carbon sugar that is a component of DNA nucleotides
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double helix | show 🗑
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antiparallel | show 🗑
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show | thymine
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Guanine | show 🗑
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