Criminal Justice Chapter 1-4
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| alternative sentence | show 🗑
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| show | a view of crime as one outcome of a struggle among different groups competing for resources in their society
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| show | a view of crime that sees laws as the product of social agreement or consensus about what criminal behavior is
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| show | the systematic, organized effort by society to punish offenders, protect the public, and change an offender's behavior
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| crime control model | show 🗑
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| criminal justice system | show 🗑
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| show | the violation of a norm
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| show | a model of the criminal justice system that emphasizes individual rights at all stages of the justice process
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| federal courts | show 🗑
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| show | a behavior categorized as morally wrong ("evil in itself")
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| show | a statutory crime that reflects public opinion at a moment in time
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| show | the reaction by a group of people based on exaggerated or false perceptions about crime and criminal behavior
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| show | a rule that makes clear what behavior is appropriate and expected in a particular situation
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| show | an early release from prison conditional on complying with certain standards while free
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| show | an alternative to jail or prison where the offender remains in the community under court supervision, usually within the caseload of a probation officer who is an officer of the court
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| sanctions | show 🗑
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| show | someone who experiences sympathetic pain as a result of a primary victim's suffering
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| show | a rule that specifies how people are expected to behave
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| state courts | show 🗑
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| statutory crime | show 🗑
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| show | a professional who assists the victim with every aspect of the postvictimization period
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| victim impact statement | show 🗑
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| victim services | show 🗑
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| show | an explanation of the workings of the criminal justice system that shows how cases get filtered according to the seriousness of the offense
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| assault and battery | show 🗑
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| burglary | show 🗑
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| show | neglect of and/or violence against children
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| show | chronic and repetitive failure to provide children with food, clothing, shelter, cleanliness, medical care, or protection from harm
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| show | an official compiled statistical measure of the incident of crime in the United States
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| show | specific laws against public order crimes
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| show | attack or threats of an attack to a person's body, including murder and manslaughter (taking a life), sexual assault, kidnapping, robbery (theft with or the threat of force), and battery (the intentional unwanted touching of one person by another)
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| show | the group of unreported and unrecorded crimes as revealed by crim victim surveys
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| show | public order crimes that include the unlawful possession, use, manufacturing, selling, growing, making, or distributing of drugs classified as having potential for abuse
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| emotional abuse | show 🗑
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| show | the most serious kind of murder. to be convicted of 1st-degree murder, an offender must have purposely killed the victim & must have planned the killing at least a short time in advance
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| immigration offenses | show 🗑
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| involuntary manslaughter | show 🗑
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| show | a type of theft that includes both completed and attempted taking of cash or property from a location without attacking or threatening the victim ad without obtaining permission
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| manslaughter | show 🗑
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| mass murder | show 🗑
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| show | children not accounted for by their next of kin because they were kidnapped, killed, wandered away due to a developmental disability, or are intentionally missing in order to escape violence at home
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| show | a property crime that usually doesn't include contact with the offender and accompanying fear or trauma. it's less common than household burglary or larceny
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| show | a statistical sampling of house-holds and individuals who have been personally victimized by specific crimes
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| National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS) | show 🗑
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| organized crime | show 🗑
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| physical abuse | show 🗑
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| political crimes | show 🗑
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| property crimes | show 🗑
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| show | a wide variety of offenses considered immoral or public nuisances,ex.disorderly conduct,disturbing the peace,loitering, public intoxication,panhandling,bigamy, drunk driving,prostitution,obscenity, gambling,&possesion of controlled substances
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| show | the 3 phases (acute, outward adjustment, & resolution phase) of symptoms that many victims experience after a sexual assault
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| show | a crime against persons where the offender takes personal property from the victim by either using or threatening force
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| secondary victimization | show 🗑
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| show | surveys where individuals (guaranteed confidentiality) reveal offenses that they have committed but may or may not have been arrested and held accountable for their crimes. These surveys uncover another part of the dark figure of crime
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| show | killing 3 or more people over an extended period of time
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| sexual victimization | show 🗑
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| show | public order crime
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| show | a range of crimes including vaginal, anal, and oral penetration that can include the use of weapons and foreign objects to torture and terrorize the victim
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| show | killing several people within a fairly narrow period, such as several hours or days
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| show | willfully, maliciously, and repeatedly following or harassing another person and making a credible threat with the intent to place that person in reasonable fear for his or her safety, or for the safety of his or her family
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| student bullying | show 🗑
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| Uniform Crime Reports (UCR) | show 🗑
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| show | death that results from careless driving
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| victim surveys | show 🗑
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| victimless crimes | show 🗑
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| voluntary manslaughter | show 🗑
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| show | illegal/unethical acts that violate fiduciary responsibility or public trust; committed by someone or organization (usually during legitimate occupational activity) of high or respectable social status for personal or organizational gain
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| classical school of criminology | show 🗑
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| show | recognizes differences in criminal circumstances &assumes that some people, ex children, the insane, and the intellectually deficient, cannot reason. in such cases the CJ system must look at the needs of the offender in determining appropriate punishments
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| show | criminals choose to commit crime because they believe the benefits they will derive will overshadow the risks of getting caught
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| positivist school of criminology | show 🗑
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| atavism | show 🗑
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| neurotransmitter | show 🗑
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| show | serious mental disorders that cause individuals to be out of touch with reality and unable to cope with the demands of everyday living
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| Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) | show 🗑
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| schizophrenia | show 🗑
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| bipolar affective disorder | show 🗑
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| postpartum psychosis | show 🗑
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| show | a psersonality disorder exhibited by a lifelong pattern of antisocial behavior about which the individual has no remorse
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| show | the capacity to learn or comprehend, manifested by the ability to solve problems and adapt to life's everyday experiences
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| moral reasoning | show 🗑
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| show | behavior is learned and is maintained or extinguished based on the rewards or punishments associated with it
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| strain theory | show 🗑
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| anomie | show 🗑
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| life course persistent offenders | show 🗑
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| adolescence-limited offenders | show 🗑
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| show | an individual's belief system, the police, and parental supervision are important in preventing individuals from getting into trouble
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| neutralization theory | show 🗑
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| show | factors that keep behavior in check are personal, such as self-concept, self-control, goal-directedness, conscience, tolerance for frusteration, sense of responsibility, realistic levels of aspiration and identification with lawful norms
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| show | the social bond people have with society consists of attachment, commitment, involvement, and belief
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| social conflict theory | show 🗑
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| show | a branch of social conflict theory concerned with the way in which structural conditions and social inequalities influence crime
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| feminist criminology | show 🗑
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| show | a branch of criminology that views crime as a form of violence and urges criminology to advocate a nonviolent, peaceful society
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| cultural deviance theory | show 🗑
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| social disorganization theory | show 🗑
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| subculture | show 🗑
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| culture conflict | show 🗑
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| social process theory | show 🗑
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| show | the idea that if we perceive that others see us in certain ways, we learn to see ourselves in those ways
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| show | the belief that the social process individuals experience has the potential to define them as "bad" or "good" and that some people become bad because tohers don't believe them to be good
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| differential association theory | show 🗑
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| show | the scientific study of victims, which includes their behaviors, injuries, assistance, legal rights, and recovery
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| recidivist victims | show 🗑
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| routine activities theory | show 🗑
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| rule of law | show 🗑
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| laws | show 🗑
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| Hammurabi's Code | show 🗑
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| common law | show 🗑
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| show | previous court decisions that have binding authority on subsequent cases
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| show | a document that specifies the components of a government, the duties of each component, and the limits of their power
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| show | laws enacted by state legislatures or by Congress
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| show | laws enacted by local governments such as cities and counties
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| show | a suggested code of criminal law drafted by the American Law insitute and used to guide the states in modernizing their laws
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| case law | show 🗑
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| civil law | show 🗑
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| plaintiff | show 🗑
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| show | the person against whom criminal charges or a civil lawsuit are filed
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| torts | show 🗑
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| damages | show 🗑
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| criminal law | show 🗑
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| show | the Fifth Amendment right that protects anyone from being tried twice for the same offense
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| show | in a criminal case, money a defendant must pay a victim to compensate the victim for damages
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| felony | show 🗑
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| misdemeanor | show 🗑
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| show | a minor violation of a local ordinance or state law that brings a potential punishment of fines
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| corpus delicti | show 🗑
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| criminal intent | show 🗑
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| show | the specific act required to convict a person for a specific crime
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| mens rea | show 🗑
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| show | crimes that have no mens rea requirement; a person who commits the requisite actus reus may be convicted of the offense regardless of intent
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| show | crimes that have been begun but not completed
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| duress | show 🗑
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| necessity | show 🗑
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| show | law enforcement officers or agents trap or trick a person into committing a crime that the person would not otherwise have committed
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| show | a defense where the defendant admits committing the criminal act but claims not to be culpable due to mental illness
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| not guilty by reason of insanity (NGRI) | show 🗑
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| M'Naghten Rule | show 🗑
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| irresistable impulse test | show 🗑
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| show | a standard for insanity that asks whether the defendant's conduct was the product of a mental disease or defect
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| American Law Institute Rule | show 🗑
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| show | verdict for a person recognized to be mentally ill but still considered criminally responsible for the crime
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| show | a defense against criminal liability because the victim actually gave the defendant permission to engage in the prohibited acts
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| show | a defense that sometimes protects very young offenders from criminal liability because they do not understand the consequences of their actions
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