Chapter 1, 4, 5, 6 A&P
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
Help!
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| show | Nervous tissue
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| show | Muscle tissue
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| show | Connective tissue
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| show | Epithelial, Muscle, Nervous
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| Cranial | show 🗑
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| show | Face
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| show | the central part of the body, the head and trunk.
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| show | Forehead
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| show | Eye
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| Otic | show 🗑
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| show | Nose
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| Buccal | show 🗑
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| Oral | show 🗑
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| show | Chin
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| show | back of the head
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| Cervical | show 🗑
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| show | Chest
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| show | Breast Bone
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| Pectoral | show 🗑
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| Mammary | show 🗑
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| show | naval
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| show | Hip
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| show | pelvis
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| Pubic | show 🗑
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| show | Back
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| Scapular | show 🗑
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| Vertebral | show 🗑
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| Lumbar | show 🗑
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| Appendicular | show 🗑
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| Acromial | show 🗑
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| show | Armpit
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| Brachial | show 🗑
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| Antecubital | show 🗑
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| show | wrist
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| manual | show 🗑
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| Palmar | show 🗑
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| Digital | show 🗑
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| Inguinal | show 🗑
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| Gluteal | show 🗑
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| show | Thigh
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| Patellar | show 🗑
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| show | Posterior surface of the knee
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| Crural | show 🗑
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| Fibular or Peroneal | show 🗑
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| show | posterior surface of the leg
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| Tarsal | show 🗑
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| show | foot
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| show | sole of foot
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| calcaneal | show 🗑
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| Superior | show 🗑
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| Inferior | show 🗑
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| Anterior (Ventral) | show 🗑
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| show | Closer to back of body
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| show | Closer to midline of the body
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| show | Father from midline of body
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| Intermediate | show 🗑
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| Lpsilateral | show 🗑
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| show | opposite side of the body
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| Proximal | show 🗑
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| Distal | show 🗑
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| show | Closer to surface of body
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| show | farther from surface of body
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| Sagitttal Planes | show 🗑
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| show | A plane passes vertically through the midline and divides the body into equal right and left halves.
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| show | a plane dives the body into unequal right and left portions.
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| Frontal or coronal plane | show 🗑
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| show | passes horizontally through the body and produces superior and inferior sections.
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| Oblique planes | show 🗑
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| Homeostasis | show 🗑
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| Three essential concepts will form the basis of our study and will unify the various sections: | show 🗑
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| show | (Greek "to cut apart") - the study of the form, or structure of body parts and of how these parts relate to one another. Static image.
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| show | the study of the functioning of the body's structural machinery - how the parts of the body work and carry out their life-sustaining activities. Dynamic processes.
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| show | Study all of the blood vessels, or all of the muscles, or all of the bones… at once.
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| Systemic anatomy: | show 🗑
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| Microscopic anatomy: | show 🗑
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| show | study of the cells of the body
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| Define Histology | show 🗑
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| show | developmental changes occurring before birth
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| show | disease related changes
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| Molecular biology: | show 🗑
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| show | specific organ systems (such as digestive, muscular, etc.) or a functional system (such as the immune system).
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| "Complementarity of structure and function" | show 🗑
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| show | the human body incorporates many levels of structural complexity
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| show | ability to maintain relatively stable internal conditions despite a changing external environment. Dynamic state of equilibrium, or balance.
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| Maintenance of Life: Functional characteristics | show 🗑
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| Survival Needs | show 🗑
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| show | right upper, right lower, left upper, right lower
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| Serous membranes | show 🗑
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| show | means wall
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| show | Means an organ in the body cavity
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| show | parietal serosa -folds on itself to form the visceral serosa which covers the organs in the cavity.
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| Control Mechanisms | show 🗑
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| show | are the basic building blocks of life and performs vital functions in an organism, stated in Cell Theory.
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| Tissue | show 🗑
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| show |
s a group of tissues that perform a specific function or groups of functions. This is the third level of organization.
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| show | a collection of organs that perform a specific function- the circulatory system or digestive to form an organism.
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| show | any living form, ex. humans, This is the fifth and last level of organization.
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| show | is a form of matter that has constant chemical composition and characteristic properties
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| Representative organs Respiratory system | show 🗑
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| major function of Respiratory System | show 🗑
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| show | skin
hair
sweat glands
nails
oil glands
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| show | supports and protects body
-provides a surface area for muscle attachments
-aids body movements
-houses cells that produce blood cells
-stores mineral and lipids (fats)
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| show | muscles (composed of skeletal-muscle tissue & usually attached to bones)
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| Circulatory system: | show 🗑
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| Digestive system: | show 🗑
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| Endocrine system: | show 🗑
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| Integumentary system: | show 🗑
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| Lymphatic system: | show 🗑
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| show | the muscles
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| show | the nerves, brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves
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| show | the ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina, mammary glands, testes, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate, and penis
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| Respiratory system: | show 🗑
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| Skeletal system: | show 🗑
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| Urinary system: | show 🗑
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| Organ systems may be | show 🗑
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| Define Anatomy | show 🗑
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| show | physio=nature / logy=study of
the science of body functions/how the body parts work
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| show | -includes atoms (H, O, S, C, N, P, Ca, S) and molecules (glucose, DNA)
-like letters and alphabets (very basic level)
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| show | -composed of molecules
-basic structural and functional living units of an organism
-smallest living units in the human body
(muscle, nerve, epithelial cells)
-like words of language
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| Define Tissue level of structural organization | show 🗑
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| Define Organ level of structural organization | show 🗑
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| show | aka. organ-system level
-consists of related organs (paragraphs) w a common function
(digestive system)
*sometimes organs are part of more than one system
-like a chapter
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| Define Organismal level of structural organization | show 🗑
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| Identify the 11 principle systems of the human body | show 🗑
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| Representative organs & major function of Digestive System | show 🗑
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| show | brain,spinal cord,nerves,sense organs (eyes, ears, etc.)
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| show | -generates action potentials (nerve impulses) to regulate bodily activities
-detects changes in body's internal and external environments, interprets changes, and responds by causing muscular contractions or glandular secretions
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| Representative Urinary organs | show 🗑
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| major function of Urinary System | show 🗑
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| show | blood
heart
blood vessels
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| show | heart pumbs blood-vessels,blood carries O and nutrient-cells & carbon dioxide then regulates acid-base balance,temp,& water content of body fluids, Blood helps components help defend agaist disease and repair
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| Representative Lymphatic system organs | show 🗑
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| show | -returns proteins and fluid to blood
-carries lipids from GI tract to blood
-includes structures where lymphocytes that protect against disease-causing microbes mature and proliferate
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| show | HORMONE-PRODUCING GLANDS
pineal gland
hypothalamus
pituitary gland
parathyroid glands
adrenal lands
pancreas
ovaries
testes
and hormone-producing cells in several other organs
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| show | regulates body activities by releasing hormones (chemical messengers transported in blood from an endocrine gland or tissue to a target organ)
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| show | -produces body movements
-stabilizes body position
-generates heat
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| show | Metabolism , Responsiveness, Movement,Differentiation, Reproduction
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| show | the sum of all chemical processes in body
-catabolism (breakdown of complex chemical substances into simpler components)
-anabolism (building up)
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| show | body's ability to detect and respond to internal (body temp) and external (noise) changes
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| show | motion of whole body, individual organs, single cells, and organelles
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| show | increase in body size that results from an increase in the size and/or number of existing cells
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| show | development of a cell from unspecialized to specialized state (specialized in structure and function different from its ancestor/precursor cells aka. stem cells)
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| Reproduction | show 🗑
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| Define Homeostasis | show 🗑
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| show | Causes mostly the nervous and endocrine system to work together or independently
-nervous system(fast): nerve impulses(action potentials)
-endocrine system(slow): glands secrete hormones
*both usually work through negative feedback systems
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| show | -composition of interstitial fluid (aka. body's internal enviorment) must be precisely regulated for proper functioning of cells
-->composition always changing (substances move between it and blood plasma via capillaries
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| show | Receptor, Control Center, Effector
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| Receptor | show 🗑
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| show | sets range of values within which a controlled condition should be maintained
-evaluates input from receptors
-generates output commands (ie. nerve impulses, hormones) when necessary
-ie. brain sends nerve impulses
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| show | body structure that receives output from the control center and produces a response(effect that changes the the controlled condition)
-ie. skeletal muscles to shiver, generates heat
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| operation of a negative feedback system | show 🗑
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| show | Positive: strengthens/reinforces a change in a controlled condition
-action continues until a mechanism interrupts it
-usually reinforce conditions that do not happen very often
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| show | respiration rate, body temperature, heart rate
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| show | blood clotting, Labor
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| Identify and define the directional terms used in association with the human body | show 🗑
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| Identify and define the anatomical planes used in association with the human body | show 🗑
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| show | he dermis, epidermis, hypodermis, subcutaneous layer, and hair follicles
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| show | Structure mirrors, function, Bones of the skull are heavy and secure to protect brain function.The thin air sacs of the lungs permit movement of gases from the lungs to the blood.
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| Structure mirrors function | show 🗑
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| show | Surface Anatomy, Gross Anatomy, Developmental Anatomy, Histology, Cytology, & Pathology.
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| show | is the study of form and markings of the body surface, often explored through visualization or palpation (without any “cutting”).
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| show | is the study of anatomical structures visible to unaided eye. After making the appropriate surface marking in the prior picture, the gross dissection proceeds through “cutting.”
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| show | Systemic and Regional
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| show | is the study of the fertilized egg developing into its adult form.
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| show | is a subcategory
of developmental anatomy
(conception to 8th
week of gestation).
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| show | Chemical: atomic & molecular, Cellular, Tissue, organ system, and
Organism.
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| The Cell | show 🗑
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| show | are groups of cells that work together to perform a similar function.
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| show | Epithelium, Muscle, Connective tissue and Nerves.
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| show | are structures composed of two or more different types of tissues (all but the simplest of organs have all 4 basic tissues represented.)
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| show | specific functions and recognizable shapes.
Example: The skin contains
Epithelium, Connective Tissues, Nerves, and Muscle.
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| organ system | show 🗑
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| organism | show 🗑
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| Six important life processes: | show 🗑
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| Metabolism | show 🗑
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| show | is the body’s ability to detect and respond to changes which might represent an opportunity… or a threat!Decrease in body temperature
Responding to sound
Nerve (electrical signals) and muscle cells (contracting)
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| Movement | show 🗑
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| show | involves an increase in body size due to an increase in existing cells, number of cells, or both.
In bone growth, materials between cells increase.
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| show | is the development of a cell from an unspecialized to specialized state. Cells have specialized structures and functions that differ from precursor cells.
Stem cells give rise to cells that undergo differentiation.
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| Reproduction | show 🗑
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| equilibrium | show 🗑
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| Body fluids are defined as | show 🗑
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| show | is the fluid within cells
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| show | is the fluid outside cells
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| Interstitial fluid is | show 🗑
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| show | Blood Plasma is the ECF within blood vessels.
Lymph is the ECF within lymphatic vessels.
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is the ECF in the brain and spinal cord.
Synovial fluid is the ECF in joints.
Aqueous humor is the ECF in eyes.
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| show | interstitial fluid
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| show | as substances move between plasma and the interstitial fluid.
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| Movement back and forth across capillary walls provides | show 🗑
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| show | Physical insults,Changes in the internal environment,Physiological stress.
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| show | such as intense heat or lack of oxygen
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| Changes in the internal environment: Changes in Homeostasis | show 🗑
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| show | such as demands of work or school
Disruptions are mild if balance is quickly restored.
Intense disruptions are often prolonged and result in disease (poisoning or severe infections) or death.
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| show | Body is monitored and re-monitored.
Each monitored variable is termed a controlled condition.
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| Three basic components: Feedback System (RCE) | show 🗑
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| show | is a body structure that monitors changes in a controlled condition (such as body temperature) and sends input to the control center.
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| The control center | show 🗑
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| show | nerve impulses, hormones, or other chemical agents.
Brain acts as a control center receiving nerve impulses from skin temperature receptors.
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| show | receives output from the control center and produces a response or effect that changes the controlled condition.
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| Negative Feedback systems: | show 🗑
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| show | Strengthens or reinforces a change in one of the body’s controlled conditions
Normal child birth
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| Diagnosis of Disease is done by assessing: | show 🗑
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| show | Orderly evaluation of the body and its function
Noninvasive techniques and other vital signs (pulse)
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| show | Toes or fingers
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| show | is formed by the cranial bones.
Protects the brain
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| show | is formed by bones of vertebral column.
Contains the spinal cord
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| Meninges | show 🗑
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| Thoracic cavity | show 🗑
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| show | Located in the central part of the thoracic cavity
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| show | Two fluid-filled spaces that surround each lung
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| Abdominopelvic Cavity | show 🗑
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| show | Abdominal cavity contains the stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, small and large intestines.
Pelvic cavity contains the urinary bladder, internal organs of reproductive system, and portions of the large intestine.
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| Membranes of the body cavities: The thoracic and abdominal body cavities | show 🗑
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| Visceral layer | show 🗑
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| Parietal layer | show 🗑
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| show | are the serous membranes that covers the lungs (visceral pleura) and the walls of the pleural cavity (parietal pleura).
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| The pericardial membrane is | show 🗑
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| show | the serous membrane that covers the abdominal organs (visceral peritoneum) and the abdominal cavity walls (parietal peritoneum).
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| show | Oral, Nasal cavity, Orbital cavities, Middle ear cavities, & Synovial cavities are found freely moveable joints like the large joint of the shoulder and hip.
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| Major Body Organs | show 🗑
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| Vertical and horizontal lines pass through the umbilicus | show 🗑
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| Dividing the abdomen and pelvis into regions | show 🗑
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| show | Techniques and procedures used to create images of the human body Allow visualization of structures inside the body Diagnosis of anatomical and physiological disorders Conventional radiography (X-rays) have been in use since the late 1940’s
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| Radiography | show 🗑
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| Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) | show 🗑
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| Ultrasound Scanning (sonography) | show 🗑
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| show | is done by giving a radioactive substance (radionuclide) intravenously.
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| Positron Emission Tomography (PET scan) | show 🗑
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| Endoscopy | show 🗑
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| Noninvasive Diagnostic Techniques | show 🗑
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| What is a Tissue? | show 🗑
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| Connective | show 🗑
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| Epithelial | show 🗑
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| show | Generates the physical force needed to make body structures move and generate body heat
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| show | Detect changes in body and responds by generating nerve impulses
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| show | Ectoderm, Endoderm, and Mesoderm
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| show | mesoderm
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| show | ectoderm
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| show | Contact points between the plasma membranes of tissue cells
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| show | Tight junctions
Adherens junctions
Desmosomes
Hemidesmosomes
Gap junctions
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| Tight Junctions | show 🗑
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| show | plaque
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| show |
Resist separation of cells during contractile activities
Located inside of the plasma membrane attached to both membrane proteins and microfilaments of the cytoskeleton
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| Transmembrane glycoproteins called | show 🗑
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| show | encircle the cell
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| show | Contain plaque and cadherins that extends into the intercellular space to attach adjacent cells together
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| Desmosome plaque | show 🗑
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| show | Resemble half of a desmosomeDo not link adjacent cells but anchor cells to the basement membrane
Contains transmembrane glycoprotein integrin
Integrins attach to intermediate filaments and the protein laminin present in the basement membrane
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| show | Connect neighboring cells via tiny fluid-filled tunnels called connexons
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| Contain membrane proteins called | show 🗑
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| show | consists of cells arranged in continuous sheets, in either single or multiple layers
Closely packed and held tightly together
Covering and lining of the body
Free surface
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| show | Selective barrier that regulates the movement of materials in and out of the body
Secretory surfaces that release products onto the free surface
Protective surfaces against the environment
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| General Features of Epithelial Cells | show 🗑
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| show |
Basement membrane
Thin double extracellular layer that serves as the point of attachment and support for overlying epithelial tissue
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| Epithelial Cells have | show 🗑
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| Epithelial Cells have | show 🗑
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| Epithelial Tissues | show 🗑
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| Covering and lining epithelium | show 🗑
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| show | Secreting portion of glands (thyroid, adrenal, and sweat glands)
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| Arrangement of cells in layers | show 🗑
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| show | Single layer of cells that function in diffusion, osmosis, filtration, secretion, or absorption
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| Pseudo stratified epithelium | show 🗑
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| Stratified epithelium | show 🗑
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| Different Types of Covering and Lining Epithelium | show 🗑
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| show | Thin cells, arranged like floor tiles
Allows for rapid passage of substances
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| Cuboidal | show 🗑
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| show | Much taller than they are wide, like columns
May have cilia or microvilli
Specialized function for secretion and absorption
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| Transitional | show 🗑
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| show | Simple squamous epithelium
Simple cuboidal epithelium
Simple columnar epithelium (nonciliated and ciliated)
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium (nonciliated and cilated)
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| show | Single layer of cells that resembles a tiled floor on the surface
Nucleus is centrally located and appears flattened oval or sphere
Found at sites for filtration or diffusion
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| Covering and Lining Epithelium | show 🗑
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| Simple cuboidal epithelium | show 🗑
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| show | Contains columnar cells with microvilli at their apical surface and goblet cells
Secreted mucus serves as lubricant for the lining of digestive, respiratory, reproductive and urinary tracts
Also prevents the destruction of the stomach lining by acidic g
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| Ciliated simple columnar epithelium | show 🗑
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| show | Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
Appears to have several layers due to nuclei are various depths
All cells are attached to the basement membrane in a single layer but some do not extend to the apical surface
Ciliated cells secrete mucus and bear ci
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| Stratified Epithelium | show 🗑
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| Stratified Squamous Epithelium | show 🗑
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| Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium | show 🗑
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| show | Also very uncommon
Columnar cells in apical layer only
Basal layers has shorten, irregular shaped cells
Functions in protection and secretion
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| show | Found only in the urinary system
Variable appearance
In relaxed state, cells appear cuboidal
Upon stretching, cells become flattened and appear squamous
Ideal for hollow structure subjected to expansion
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| show | Secretions, called hormones, diffuse directly into the bloodstream
Function in maintaining homeostasis
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| show | Secrete products into ducts that empty onto the surfaces of epithelium
Skin surface or lumen of a hollow organ
Secretions of the exocrine gland include mucus, sweat, oil, earwax, saliva, and digestive enzymes
Examples of glands include sudoriferous (sw
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||||
| show | Ducts are branched or unbranched
Shape of the secretory portion of the gland
Simple gland duct does not branch
Compound gland duct branches
Tubular glands have tubular secretory parts
Acinar glands have rounded secretory parts
Tubuloacinar glands ha
🗑
|
||||
| show | Most abundant and widely distributed tissues in the body
🗑
|
||||
| Connective Tissue & Numerous functions | show 🗑
|
||||
| Extracellular matrix | show 🗑
|
||||
| Connective tissue | show 🗑
|
||||
| Fibroblasts | show 🗑
|
||||
| Adipocytes (fat cells) | show 🗑
|
||||
| Mast cells | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Immune response
Neutrophil and Eosinophils
🗑
|
||||
| show | Engulf bacteria and cellular debris by phagocytosis
🗑
|
||||
| Plasma cells | show 🗑
|
||||
| Ground substance | show 🗑
|
||||
| Connective tissue | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Exception is cartilage and tendon. Both have little or no blood supply and no nerves
🗑
|
||||
| show | Secrete fibers and components of ground substance
🗑
|
||||
| Adipocytes (fat cells) | show 🗑
|
||||
| Mast cells | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Immune response
Neutrophil and Eosinophils
🗑
|
||||
| Macrophages | show 🗑
|
||||
| Plasma cells | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Collagen fibers
Elastic fibers
Reticular fibers
🗑
|
||||
| show | Mesenchyme and mucous connective tissue
🗑
|
||||
| show | Areolar, adipose, and reticular
🗑
|
||||
| Dense connective tissue | show 🗑
|
||||
| Cartilage | show 🗑
|
||||
| show |
Bone tissue is a specialized form of connective tissue and is the main element of the skeletal tissues. It is composed of cells and an extracellular matrix in which fibers are embedded. Bone tissue is unlike other connective tissues in that the extracel
🗑
|
||||
| Liquid connective tissue | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Gives rise to all other connective tissues
🗑
|
||||
| Mucous (Wharton’s Jelly) | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Most widely distributed in the body
Contains several types of cells and all three fibers
🗑
|
||||
| show | Contains adipocytes
Good for insulation and energy reserves
White (common) and brown adipose tissue
🗑
|
||||
| Loose Connective Tissue: Reticular Connective Tissue | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Most widely distributed in the body
Contains several types of cells and all three fibers
🗑
|
||||
| show | Contains adipocytes
Good for insulation and energy reserves
White (common) and brown adipose tissue
🗑
|
||||
| Dense connective tissue | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Bundles of collagen fibers are regularly arranged in parallel patterns for strength
Tendons and most ligaments
🗑
|
||||
| Types of Mature Connective Tissue: Dense Irregular Connective Tissue | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Contain branching elastic fibers
Strong and can recoil to original shape after stretching
Lung tissue and arteries
🗑
|
||||
| Cartilage | show 🗑
|
||||
| Chrondrocytes | show 🗑
|
||||
| Pericondrium | show 🗑
|
||||
| Hyaline cartilage | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Chrondrocytes are located within a threadlike network of elastic fibers
Pericondrium is present
Provides strength and elasticity
🗑
|
||||
| Repair and Growth of Cartilage | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Interstitial growth
Growth from within the tissue
Appositional growth
Growth at the outer surface of the tissue
🗑
|
||||
| show | bone (osseous) tissue, periosteum, and endosteum.
Compact or spongy
Osteon or haversian system
Spongy bone lacks osteons. They have columns called trabeculae
🗑
|
||||
| Blood tissue | show 🗑
|
||||
| Mucous membranes | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Lines a body cavity that does not open directly to the exterior. Also covers the organs that lie within the cavity
Consist of areolar connective tissue covered by mesothelium (simple squamous epithelium) that secrete a serous fluid for lubrication
🗑
|
||||
| Membranes | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | are a combination of an epithelial layer and an underlying connective tissue layer
Mucous, Serous, and Cutaneous membranes
🗑
|
||||
| Synovial membranes | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Consists of elongated cells called muscle fibers or myocytes
Cells use ATP to generate force
Several functions of muscle tissue
🗑
|
||||
| Classified into 3 types: | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Attached to bones of the skeleton
Have striations
Voluntary movement or contractions by conscious control
Vary in length (up to 40 cm) and are roughly cylindrical in shape
🗑
|
||||
| Cardiac muscle tissue | show 🗑
|
||||
| Intercalated disc | show 🗑
|
||||
| Smooth Muscle Tissue | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Consists of two principle types of cells
Neurons or nerve cells
Neuroglia
🗑
|
||||
| show | Neurons and muscle fibers
Exhibit electrical excitability
🗑
|
||||
| Actions potentials propagate along a nerve or muscle plasma membrane to cause a response | show 🗑
|
||||
| When tissue damage is extensive both stroma and parenchymal cells are active in repair | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | All of these process create an actively growing connective tissue called granulation tissue
🗑
|
||||
| Aging and Tissues | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Protection, Body Temperature Regulation, Cutaneous Sensations, Metabolic Functions, Blood Resevior, and Excretion.
🗑
|
||||
| What are the three levels of in the protection level of the Integumentary System? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What does the Chemical Level do for the protection of the Integumentary System? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Keratin and glycolipids block most water, and water soluable substances. Limited penetration of the skin by lipid-soluable substances, plant oleoresins (poison ivy), organic solvents, salts or heavy metals, some drugs.
🗑
|
||||
| show | Dendrite cells, macrophages, and DNA.
🗑
|
||||
| show | ~500 ml
🗑
|
||||
| show | Temperature, touch, and pain.
🗑
|
||||
| What is the Metabolic Function of the Integumentary System? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Up to 5% of the bodys blood volume.
🗑
|
||||
| show | Nitrogenous wastes and salt in sweat.
🗑
|
||||
| show | Keratinocytes, Melanocytes, Langerhans Cells, Merkel Cells
🗑
|
||||
| What do Keratinocytes do? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What do Melanocytes do? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What do Langerhans Cells do? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Touch receptors.
🗑
|
||||
| show | Fibroblasts, Macrophages, Mast Cells and occasionally White Blood Cells.
🗑
|
||||
| show | Stratum Corneum, Statrum Lucidum, Stratum Granulosum, Stratum Spinosum, Stratum Basal.
🗑
|
||||
| show | Deepest epidermal layer that is firmly attached to the dermis, single row of stem cells, also called stratum germinativum; cells that undergo rapid division. Journey from basal layer to surface is 25 - 45 days.
🗑
|
||||
| show | The prickly layer, cells contain a weblike system of intermediate prekeratin filaments attached to desosomes. Abundent melanin granules and dendritic cells.
🗑
|
||||
| What is Stratum Granulosum? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What is Stratum Lucidum? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What is Stratum Corneum? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What are the functions of Stratum Corneum? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What are the layers of the Dermis? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Areolar connective tissue with collagen and elastic fibers and blood vessels.Contains papillary loops, meisenners corpuscles, and free nerve endings.
🗑
|
||||
| What is the Reticular layer of the Dermis? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What are the types of glands found in the Integumentary System? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Merocrine, abundent on palms, soles, and forehead. Sweat 99% water, NaCl, Vitamin C, Antibodies, Dermcidin, and Metabolic Waste. Ducts connect to pores, function in thermoregulation.
🗑
|
||||
| What is a Apocrine Gland? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What are the specialized Apocrine Glands? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Widely distributed, most develop from hair follicle, become active at puberty, secret sebum.
🗑
|
||||
| What does Sebum do? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Melanin, Carotene, and Hemoglobin.
🗑
|
||||
| show | Yellow to redish-brown to black. Produced in melanocytes, migrates to keratinocytes where it forms pigment sheilds for nuclei. Freckles and pigmented moles.
🗑
|
||||
| show | Local accumulations of melanin.
🗑
|
||||
| What does Carotene do? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What does Hemoglobin do? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Hair thinning in both sexes after age 40.
🗑
|
||||
| What is Frank Baldness? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What is a Pacinian Corpuscle? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | They are a type of nerve endings in the skin that are responsible for sensitivity to light touch. In particular, they have highest sensitivity (lowest threshold) when sensing vibrations lower than 50 Hertz. They are rapidly adaptive receptors.
🗑
|
||||
| show | Melanoma, Squamous Cell Carcinoma, Basal Cell Carcinoma.
🗑
|
||||
| What is Basal Cell Carcinoma? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What is Squamous Cell Carcinoma? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Most dangerous. Involves melanocytes, highly metastic and resistant to chemotherapy, treated by wide surgical excision accompanied by immunotherapy.
🗑
|
||||
| What are the Characteristics of Melanoma? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Heat, electricity, radiation, certain chemicals.
🗑
|
||||
| show | Tissue damage, denatured protein, cell death.
🗑
|
||||
| show | Dehydration and electrolyte imbalance, leading to renal shutdown or circulatory shock.
🗑
|
||||
| What is a First Degree Burn? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What is a Second Degree Burn? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What is a Third Degree Burn? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | >25% of the body has second-degree burns, >10% of the body has third degree burns. Face, hands or feet bear third degree burns.
🗑
|
||||
| What aspects can cause a Burn? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What are Sebaceous Glands? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Keratinocytes, Melanocytes, Langerhans Cells, Merkel Cells.
🗑
|
||||
| show | Up to 5% of the bodys blood volume.
🗑
|
||||
| show | Protects from abrasion and penetration, is waterproof, barrier against biological, chemical, and physical assaults.
🗑
|
||||
| What is Stratum Granulosum? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What is an Eccrine Gland? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | A slightly moveable joint
🗑
|
||||
| Diaphysis | show 🗑
|
||||
| Diarthrosis | show 🗑
|
||||
| Endochrondal ossification | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | The cartilaginous plate between the epiphysis and diaphysis responsible for lengthwise growth
🗑
|
||||
| show | The end of a long bone
🗑
|
||||
| show | method of bone formation
🗑
|
||||
| Osteoblast | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Cell that destroys or resorbs bone tissue
🗑
|
||||
| show | Mature bone cell
🗑
|
||||
| show | haversian system
🗑
|
||||
| Synarthrosis | show 🗑
|
||||
| acetabul- | show 🗑
|
||||
| ankyl | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | little attachment
🗑
|
||||
| artic- | show 🗑
|
||||
| arthr- | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | to form, sprout
🗑
|
||||
| show | pouch
🗑
|
||||
| show | wrist
🗑
|
||||
| -clast- | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | beak
🗑
|
||||
| show | rib
🗑
|
||||
| -fic- | show 🗑
|
||||
| ili- | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | hump
🗑
|
||||
| myel- | show 🗑
|
||||
| odont- | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | like resembling
🗑
|
||||
| oste-, oss- | show 🗑
|
||||
| -poie- | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | sacrum
🗑
|
||||
| show | wedge
🗑
|
||||
| show | vertebrae
🗑
|
||||
| show | together
🗑
|
||||
| show | act or process of
🗑
|
||||
| show | The axis is between the force and the resistance
🗑
|
||||
| show | The resistance is between the axis and the force
🗑
|
||||
| show | The force is between the axis and the resistance
🗑
|
||||
| show | decreasing the angle of a joint
🗑
|
||||
| extension | show 🗑
|
||||
| adduction | show 🗑
|
||||
| abduction | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | movement around a central axis
🗑
|
||||
| medial rotation aka internal rotation | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | movement around the central axis away from the midline
🗑
|
||||
| show | forearm palms facing down or back
🗑
|
||||
| show | foot forefoot is inverted, rear foot is everted
🗑
|
||||
| supination- | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | forefoot is everted, rear foot is inverted
🗑
|
||||
| show | sole of the foot moves toward the midline
🗑
|
||||
| eversion | show 🗑
|
||||
| protraction | show 🗑
|
||||
| retraction | show 🗑
|
||||
| elevation | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | scapula moving down
🗑
|
||||
| upward rotation | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | movement of the scapula so that the glenoid fossa faces down
🗑
|
||||
| radial deviation | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | deviating the hand toward the pinky
🗑
|
||||
| show | heels down pulling the top of foot toward the tibia
🗑
|
||||
| plantar flexion | show 🗑
|
||||
| circumduction | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | the study of the bones and the disorders and diseases of the skeletal system
🗑
|
||||
| show | of bones, cartilages, along with ligaments & tendons
🗑
|
||||
| Bone is composed of what tissues? | show 🗑
|
||||
| 6 main functions of skeletal system | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Red blood cells, White blood cells, & Platelets
🗑
|
||||
| Hemopoiesis | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Longer than they are wide, made mostly of compact bone
🗑
|
||||
| Parts of long bone | show 🗑
|
||||
| Difference between adult and growing long bone is? | show 🗑
|
||||
| Diaphysis | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | the proximal and distal ends of the bone
🗑
|
||||
| Metaphyses | show 🗑
|
||||
| The osseous tissue's extracellular matrix is made up of what? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | the process where mineral salts are deposited in the collagen fiber framework, hardening the bone matrix
🗑
|
||||
| show | calcium phosphate + cacium hyroxide. Contributes to hardness of the matrix
🗑
|
||||
| show | osteogenic cells, osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts
🗑
|
||||
| Osteogenic cells | show 🗑
|
||||
| Osteoblasts | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Mature bone cells located within lacunae. Main cells in bone tissue and maintain its daily metabolism, such as the exchange of nutrients and wastes with the blood. Do not undergo cell division
🗑
|
||||
| Osteoclasts | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | process of breakdown of bone tissue; necessary for bone remodeling/repair that occurrs during growth or after injury; bone tissue also is resorbed when its stored minerals are needed by the body
🗑
|
||||
| Compact Bone Tissue | show 🗑
|
||||
| Volkmann's canals | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | run lengthwise in the bone, contain blood vessels, nerves and lymph vessels(Central Canals)
🗑
|
||||
| Concentric Lamellae | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | small spaces between the lamellae which contain osteocytes
🗑
|
||||
| show | small canals radiating in all directions from launae, allowing for communication between osteocytes
🗑
|
||||
| Haversian Systems | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | called lamellae that have a central canal caontaining blood & lymph vessels and nerves. Aligned in same direction along lines of stress
🗑
|
||||
| show | the areas between osteons that are fragments of older osteons that have been partially destroyed during bone rebuilding or growth
🗑
|
||||
| show | Lamellae that encircle the bone just under periosteum or encircle the medullary cavity
🗑
|
||||
| show | this consists of an irregular latticework of thin plates of bone called trabeculae, with spaces in-between filled with red bone marrow. Does NOT contain osteons
🗑
|
||||
| Trabeculae | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Process of bone formation (Osteogenisis)
🗑
|
||||
| show | Initial bone formation (embryo & fetus)
🗑
|
||||
| show | (childhood & adolescence)
🗑
|
||||
| show | (throughout life)
🗑
|
||||
| show | (throughout life)
🗑
|
||||
| show | Intramembranous Ossification (directly within messenchyme)
🗑
|
||||
| show | (Form within hyaline cartilage)
🗑
|
||||
| Intramembranous Ossification | show 🗑
|
||||
| Endochondral Ossification | show 🗑
|
||||
| Process of Intramembranous | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Ossification Development of cartilage model, Growth of cartilage model, Primary Ossification center development, Medullary cavity development, Secondary ossification centre development, Articular cartilage & Epiphyseal
🗑
|
||||
| Epiphyseal | show 🗑
|
||||
| Zone of proliferating | show 🗑
|
||||
| Zone of hypertrophic | show 🗑
|
||||
| Zone of calcified | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | increases thickness and remodeling of all bones by osteoblasts and osteoclasts on bone surfaces
🗑
|
||||
| Bone resorption process | show 🗑
|
||||
| Bone deposition | show 🗑
|
||||
| Factors affecting bone growth | show 🗑
|
||||
| Types of bone fractures | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | compound fracture; broken bone that punctures skin
🗑
|
||||
| Closed Fracture | show 🗑
|
||||
| Comminuted Fracture | show 🗑
|
||||
| Greenstick Fracture | show 🗑
|
||||
| Impacted Fracture | show 🗑
|
||||
| Pott's Fracture fracture | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Distal end of radius is broken by falling onto an outstreched hand.
🗑
|
||||
| Stress Fracture microscopic | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Fracture Hematoma, Cartilage Callus, Bony Callus, Bone Remodeling
🗑
|
||||
| show | condition of decreased bone density and increased porosity, causing bones to become brittle and liable to fracture
🗑
|
||||
| show | (rickets
🗑
|
Review the information in the table. When you are ready to quiz yourself you can hide individual columns or the entire table. Then you can click on the empty cells to reveal the answer. Try to recall what will be displayed before clicking the empty cell.
To hide a column, click on the column name.
To hide the entire table, click on the "Hide All" button.
You may also shuffle the rows of the table by clicking on the "Shuffle" button.
Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
If you know all the data on any row, you can temporarily remove it by tapping the trash can to the right of the row.
To hide a column, click on the column name.
To hide the entire table, click on the "Hide All" button.
You may also shuffle the rows of the table by clicking on the "Shuffle" button.
Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
If you know all the data on any row, you can temporarily remove it by tapping the trash can to the right of the row.
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Created by:
jbuch
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