Introduction to Forensic Science- people, parts of a crime lab, etc
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| Forensic Science | Application of science to criminal and civil laws
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| Mathieu Orfila | Founder of forensic toxicology (poisons)
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| Alphonse Bertillion | Devised firstscientific system of personal identification. Used physical measurements
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| Francis Galton | Conducted first difinitive study of fingerprints and their classification
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| Leone Lattes | Devised procedure to determine blood type (A, B, O) from dried bloodstains
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| Calvin Goddard | Used a comparison microscope to determine if a particular gun fired a bullet (ballistics)
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| Albert Osborn | Developed fundamental principles of document examination
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| Walter McCrone | Used microscope and other analytical methodologies to examine evidence. Ex: fibers
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| Hans Gross | Wrote first treatise describing application of scientific principles to criminal investigation. Ex: organized crime lad, trained professionals, special equipment, etc.
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| Edmund Locard | Incorporated Gross' principles into first workable crime lab
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| Locard's Exchange Principle | When a criminal comes in contact with an object or person, a cross transfer of evidence occurs
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| Sir Alec Jeffreys | 1984, developed first DNA profiling test
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| Why, in the past few years, has there been an increase in crime labs around the country? (3 reasons) | -Supreme Court decisions in the 1960's responsible for polics placing greater emphasis on scientific evidence. -Drug specimens -DNA profiling
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| What are the 5 basic categories of tech support for crime labs? | Physical Science, Biology, Firearms, Document, Photographic
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| Physical Science Unit | Identifies and compares physical evidence using physics, geology, and/or chemistry)
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| Biology Unit | Investigates blood samples, body fluids, hair, fiber samples, insects, etc.
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| Firearms Unit | Investigates discharged bullets, cartridge cases, shotgun shells, and ammunition
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| Document Unit | Handwriting analysis and other questined document issues
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| Photographic Unit | Photographic techniques for recording and examining physical evidence
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| Optional Services in a crime lab | Toxicology, latent fingerprint, polygraph, voiceprint analysis, evidence collection
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| Toxicology Unit | Examines body fluids and organs for presense od drugs and poison
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| Latent Fingerprint Unit | Processes and examines evidence for latent fingerprints
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| Polygraph Unit | Conducts polygraph tests
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| Voiceprint Analysis | Attempts to tie a recorded voice to a suspect
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| Evidence Collection Unit | Collect and preserve physical evidence; in smaller units police men train to do this job
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| Expert Witness | Individual who court determines possesses knowledge relevent to the trial that is not expected of the average person
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| Expert Opinion | An expert witness is the only witness able to give an opinion as to the significance of their findings
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| Train Law Enforcement | Forensic Scientists also train law enforcement professionals in proper recognition, collection, and preservation of physical evidence
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| Frye v United States | Established Frye Standard; guiidelines for who is an expert witness. Evidence must be generally accepted by scientific community
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| Daubert v Merrell Dow Pharmaceutical, Inc | Established Daubert Criteria for Admissibility; trial judges ultimately responsible for admissibility and validity of scientific evidence
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| Daubert Criteria for Admissibility (5 standards) | - Can it be tested? -Has technique been subject to peer review and/or publication -What is the technique's rate of error? - Existance and maintenance of standards -Widespread acceptance
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| Special Forensic Science Services | Forensic Pathology, Anthropology, Entomology, Psychiatry, Odontology, Computer Science, and Engineering
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| Forensic Pathology | Autopsies; cause of death (medical examiner)
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| Forensic Anthropology | Skeletal Remains
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| Forensic Entomology | Insects; insect eggs
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| Forensic Psychiatry | Human behavior (profilers)
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| Forensic Odontology | Dental impressions/bite marks- how they got Bundy
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| Computer Science | Digital evidence
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| Forensic Engineering | Structural failures; accidents
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