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Intro to Forensics
Introduction to Forensic Science- people, parts of a crime lab, etc
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Forensic Science | Application of science to criminal and civil laws |
| Mathieu Orfila | Founder of forensic toxicology (poisons) |
| Alphonse Bertillion | Devised firstscientific system of personal identification. Used physical measurements |
| Francis Galton | Conducted first difinitive study of fingerprints and their classification |
| Leone Lattes | Devised procedure to determine blood type (A, B, O) from dried bloodstains |
| Calvin Goddard | Used a comparison microscope to determine if a particular gun fired a bullet (ballistics) |
| Albert Osborn | Developed fundamental principles of document examination |
| Walter McCrone | Used microscope and other analytical methodologies to examine evidence. Ex: fibers |
| Hans Gross | Wrote first treatise describing application of scientific principles to criminal investigation. Ex: organized crime lad, trained professionals, special equipment, etc. |
| Edmund Locard | Incorporated Gross' principles into first workable crime lab |
| Locard's Exchange Principle | When a criminal comes in contact with an object or person, a cross transfer of evidence occurs |
| Sir Alec Jeffreys | 1984, developed first DNA profiling test |
| Why, in the past few years, has there been an increase in crime labs around the country? (3 reasons) | -Supreme Court decisions in the 1960's responsible for polics placing greater emphasis on scientific evidence. -Drug specimens -DNA profiling |
| What are the 5 basic categories of tech support for crime labs? | Physical Science, Biology, Firearms, Document, Photographic |
| Physical Science Unit | Identifies and compares physical evidence using physics, geology, and/or chemistry) |
| Biology Unit | Investigates blood samples, body fluids, hair, fiber samples, insects, etc. |
| Firearms Unit | Investigates discharged bullets, cartridge cases, shotgun shells, and ammunition |
| Document Unit | Handwriting analysis and other questined document issues |
| Photographic Unit | Photographic techniques for recording and examining physical evidence |
| Optional Services in a crime lab | Toxicology, latent fingerprint, polygraph, voiceprint analysis, evidence collection |
| Toxicology Unit | Examines body fluids and organs for presense od drugs and poison |
| Latent Fingerprint Unit | Processes and examines evidence for latent fingerprints |
| Polygraph Unit | Conducts polygraph tests |
| Voiceprint Analysis | Attempts to tie a recorded voice to a suspect |
| Evidence Collection Unit | Collect and preserve physical evidence; in smaller units police men train to do this job |
| Expert Witness | Individual who court determines possesses knowledge relevent to the trial that is not expected of the average person |
| Expert Opinion | An expert witness is the only witness able to give an opinion as to the significance of their findings |
| Train Law Enforcement | Forensic Scientists also train law enforcement professionals in proper recognition, collection, and preservation of physical evidence |
| Frye v United States | Established Frye Standard; guiidelines for who is an expert witness. Evidence must be generally accepted by scientific community |
| Daubert v Merrell Dow Pharmaceutical, Inc | Established Daubert Criteria for Admissibility; trial judges ultimately responsible for admissibility and validity of scientific evidence |
| Daubert Criteria for Admissibility (5 standards) | - Can it be tested? -Has technique been subject to peer review and/or publication -What is the technique's rate of error? - Existance and maintenance of standards -Widespread acceptance |
| Special Forensic Science Services | Forensic Pathology, Anthropology, Entomology, Psychiatry, Odontology, Computer Science, and Engineering |
| Forensic Pathology | Autopsies; cause of death (medical examiner) |
| Forensic Anthropology | Skeletal Remains |
| Forensic Entomology | Insects; insect eggs |
| Forensic Psychiatry | Human behavior (profilers) |
| Forensic Odontology | Dental impressions/bite marks- how they got Bundy |
| Computer Science | Digital evidence |
| Forensic Engineering | Structural failures; accidents |
Created by:
rachael94
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