Mid Term
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| linguistics | linguists studies what we know when we know a language.
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| descriptive grammar | describes linguistic knowledge
(linguists)
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| prescriptive grammar | tells people what rules they should follow
(English teachers)
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| phonetics | the study of speech sounds
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| phonology | the study of how sounds are organized and used in natural languages
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| morphology | the study of the structure of word forms
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| syntax | the study of the rules for the formation of grammatical sentences in a language
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| semantics | the study of meaning
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| pragmatics | the study of how context affects meaning
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| discourse analysis | The study of the ways in which language is used in texts and contexts
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| branches of linguistics | psycholinguistics
topology
sociolinguistics
discourse analysis
evolutionary linguistics
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| knowledge of sound system | 1. knowing what sounds are in English, what sounds are not
2. knowing the inventory of sounds
3. knowing what sounds may start a word, end a word, follow each other
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| knowledge of words | knowing certain sequences of sounds signify certain concepts or meanings
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| knowledge of sentences and non-sentences | * a language is not a set of words
* not every string of words is a sentence in a language
* knowing rules for forming a sentence and determining whether a stings of words is a sentence or not a sentence
* well-formed
* ill-formed
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| Linguistic context, co-text | how meaning is understood without relying on intent and assumptions
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| Situational context, physical context | would to the extent possible refer to every non-linguistic factor that affects the meaning of a phrase
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| discourse analysis | the analysis of the linguistic units larger than a sentence in terms of style, appropriateness, ...
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| anaphora | an instance of an expression referring to another
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| cleft sentence | a complex sentence (one having a main clause and a dependent clause) that has a meaning that could be expressed by a simple sentence.
Ex. It's money that I love.
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| pronouns | * meaning is from other NPs or larger discourse
* sensitive to syntax and context for their interpretation
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| free or bound pronouns |
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| deixis | the phenomenon wherein understanding the meaning of certain words and phrases in an utterance requires contextual information
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| deictic expressions | words and expressions whose reference relies entirely on the situational context of the utterance and can only understood in the light of these circumstances
*1st and 2nd person-pronouns-always deictic
*3rd person pronouns are deictic if they are free
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| person deixis place deixis time deixis |
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| implicatures | The aspect of meaning that a speaker conveys, implies, or suggests without directly expressing.
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| conversational maxims | a speaker is assumed to make a contribution that
Maxim of Quality -truthful
Maxim of Quantity -adequate
Maxim of Relation relevant
Maxim of Manner -clear
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| illocutionary force | underlying purpose, speaker's intention
*depends on situational context
Asserting
Promising
Excommunicating
Exclaiming in pain
Inquiring
Ordering
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| face-threatening act (FTA) | an act which challenges the face wants of an interlocutor
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| face-saving act | an act that avoids a loss of face
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| principle of constitutionality | the principle that the meaning of a complex expression is determined by the meanings of its constituent expressions and the rules used to combine them.
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| semantic rules |
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| reference | the reference of an NP is part of its meaning.
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| Meaning as reference | is a connection between language and objects and events in the world
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| homonym | a word the same as another in sound and spelling but different in meaning
*bow (weapon, bend)
*no/know, bear/bare
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| polysemy | a word's capacity to carry two or more distinct meanings
*grave as in serious, tomb
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| hyponym | a subcategory of a more general class: "Chair' and "table' are hyponyms of "furniture
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| metonym | A figure of speech in which one word or phrase is substituted for another with which it is closely associated, as in the use of Washington for the United States government or of the sword for military power
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| antonym | 1. complementary antonyms: alive/dead,
2. gradable antonyms: big/small
3. relational opposites: buy/sell
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| autoantonyms | words that are their own antonyms
*dust
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| agent | doer of the action
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| theme | undergoer of the action
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| goal | end point of a change
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| source | where the action originates
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| instrument | the means used to accomplish the action
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| experiencer | one receiving sensory of emotional input
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| Syntactic rules I | Any speaker of any human language can produce and understand an infinite number of sentences
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| Syntactic rules II | Sentences are composed of discrete units that are combined by rules
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| Syntactic categories | a phrasal category, such as noun phrase or verb phrase or a lexical category, such as noun or verb
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| recursive rule | rule that repeats its own category
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| linguistic competence | the system of linguistic knowledge possessed by native speakers of a language
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| linguistic performance | the way the language system is used in communication
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