Bio 225 final exam
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| show | The study of microorganisms too small to be seen with the naked eye
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| What organisms fall within the microbiology studies? | show 🗑
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| Why are microorganisms important to humans/life? 4 answers | show 🗑
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| show | Can manipulate to produce proteins for our use
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| Why is bioremediatoin important to life? | show 🗑
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| show | That microorganisms arose from nonliving things
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| show | microorganisms can invade the other organisms and cause disease
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| What are the steps of the scientific method? | show 🗑
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| show | To prevent human biases from affecting our outcomes
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| show | Hypothesis- testable and falsifiable explanation Theory- explains laws and facts
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| show | the smallest chemical unit of matter, an element is composed of one kind of atom
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| What subatomic particles make up an atom? | show 🗑
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| What is a molecule? A compound? | show 🗑
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| What is the difference between a ionic bond and a covalent bond? | show 🗑
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| show | Acid- proton donor- strong acid donates all the protons to solvent Base- proton acceptor or OH- acceptor- strong base accepts all the protons An acid is 0-7, base is 7-14
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| What does organic mean? | show 🗑
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| What are the four major macromolecules essential for life? | show 🗑
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| What are the function of carbohydrates? | show 🗑
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| show | Amino acids- structure determines function- support, enzymes, transport, defense, movement
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| show | Nucleotides- heredity material and organization of protein synthesis
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| show | do not have monomers, but fats and oils- energy storage, membrane structure, cell membrane components, and cell to cell recognition
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| show | Heredity and reproduction, growth and development, metabolism, movement and or irritability, homeostasis, composed of cells
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| What is a cell? | show 🗑
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| show | Eukaryotes have a nucleus and membrane bound organelles, prokaryotes do not
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| Is bacteria prokaryotic or eukaryotic? | show 🗑
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| show | Eukaryotes
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| show | Genus
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| What is the purpose of a flagellum? | show 🗑
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| What is the purpose of a fimbriae? | show 🗑
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| What is the purpose of a pili? | show 🗑
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| show | protection and adhesion of biofilms- Slime- protects against dehydration and nutrient loss- Capsule- helps protect against immune response and phagocyte response
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| show | a cell membrane, usually surrounded by a cell wall acts to maintain cell integrity and structural support
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| What are the major differences between gram negative and gram positive bacteria? | show 🗑
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| What is the difference between a chromosome and a plasmid? | show 🗑
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| show | Endospores are a means of protection formed to protect from extreme environments
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| What is the theory of endosymbiosis? | show 🗑
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| show | Mitochondria and chlorplasts have their own circular genomes. Mitochondria has own ribosmomes similar to prokaryotic ribosomes
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| What is the function of the nucleus? | show 🗑
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| What is the function of the Endoplasmic Reticulum? | show 🗑
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| What is the function of the golgi apparatus? | show 🗑
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| show | protein synthesis- assembles on the 5 end of the mRNA transcript- the large subunit supplies the enzymes for 3 sites attatchment, production, and exit
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| What is the function of the mitochondria? | show 🗑
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| show | converts energy from the sun into chemical energ- photosynthesis-
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| Why aren't viruses considered to be alive? | show 🗑
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| What are the components of viruses? | show 🗑
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| What is the function of the capsid? | show 🗑
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| What is the function of the envelope in viruses? | show 🗑
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| What are the steps of a typical viral infection? | show 🗑
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| What happens in the adsorption phase of a viral infection? | show 🗑
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| What happens in the penetration phase of a viral infection? | show 🗑
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| What happens in the uncoating phase of a viral infection? | show 🗑
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| What happens in the synthesis phase of a viral infection? | show 🗑
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| show | virus particles are constructed, capsid formed, nucleic acid put in capsid, viral spikes may be placed into host cell membrane and glycoproteins taken needed to stab next cell
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| show | assembled virus leaves the host cell- lysis(fast destruction-usually naked) or Budding/exocytosis(gradual destruction of the cell-usually enveloped) in most cases host cells die regardless fo the type of exit
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| What is a bacteriophage? | show 🗑
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| show | misfolded protein that does not have DNA or RNA
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| show | temperature, O2 requirements, CO2 requirements, pH requirements, osmotic pressure
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| What is an obligate aerobe? | show 🗑
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| What is a facultative anaerobe? | show 🗑
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| What is an obligate anaerobe? | show 🗑
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| What is a canophile? | show 🗑
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| What is a neutrophile? | show 🗑
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| What is an acidophile? | show 🗑
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| What is a alklinophile? | show 🗑
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| What is a halophile? | show 🗑
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| What is an osmotolerant bacteria? | show 🗑
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| What is a barophile? | show 🗑
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| show | optimum temp <15 degrees, survives at 0 degrees
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| show | optimum temp >20 degrees, survives at <20 degrees
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| show | optimum temp 20 degrees to 40 degrees
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| show | optimum temp 20 degrees to 40 degrees, can survive at higher temps
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| show | optimum temp of 45 degrees to 80 degrees
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| show | optimum temp of 80 degrees to 250 degrees
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| show | Primary- peptide bonds Secondary- hydrogen bonds- alpha helix and beta pleated sheet Tertiary- hydrogen and disulfide bonds- all proteins go thru at least tertiary structure Quatenary- only occurs in some proteins,interaction of multiple polypeptides
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| Why is protein structure important? | show 🗑
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| show | proteins which act as catalysts
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| Why are enzymes important? | show 🗑
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| How do enzymes work? | show 🗑
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| show | inorganic molecules(usually metal ions) which activate enzyme, bring active site and substrate together
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| What are coenzymes? | show 🗑
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| show | ATP
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| show | catabolism is breaking apart molecules and releasing energy (exergonic) anabolism is the building up molecules and consuming energy (endogonic)
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| What are the 3 steps fo aerobic respiration? | show 🗑
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| show | to obtain energy for use
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| show | anaerobic respiration which is the response you need to recycle NAD molecules
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| With respect to energy production why is fermentation less favorable than aerobic respiration? | show 🗑
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| What is a gene? | show 🗑
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| What is an allele? | show 🗑
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| show | genetic makeup
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| What is phenotype? | show 🗑
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| show | the sequence of nucleotides is the genetic information- chromosomes are packaged DNA- DNA is wound around histones and condensed
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| What type of replication does DNA undergo? | show 🗑
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| What is transcription? | show 🗑
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| show | making proteins from RNA
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| show | in combination with proteins make up ribosomes
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| show | complex folding plays role in translation- brings appropriate amino acids- anticodon
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| Why is mRNA important? | show 🗑
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| show | phenotype is directly related to the sequence of DNA (variations arise by mutations which are a change in the genetic code)
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| What is a spontaneous mutation? | show 🗑
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| What are induced mutations? | show 🗑
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| show | No- silent mutations are substitutions of nucleotides which alter the nucleotide base but does not change the amino acid
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| show | repair mechanisms such as polymerase I which proofreads DNA during replication, and after replication mismatch repair, excision repair, and light repair
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| show | no, some may be mutual or beneficial
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| What is biotechnology? | show 🗑
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| What are some examples of how we utilize biotechnology? | show 🗑
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| With respect to killing microorganisms which organisms exhibit the highest level of resistance? | show 🗑
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| What is the difference between sterilization and disinfection? | show 🗑
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| How is death characterized in microorganisms? | show 🗑
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| show | disrupt cell membrane, digest cell wall, disrupt the synthetic processes(transcription, translation, and replication), disrupt protein synthesis, irreversibly binding DNA
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| What are the physical methods we use to control microbial growth? | show 🗑
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| show | can acheive cell death at lower temps than dry heat- causes denaturation of proteins
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| show | autoclave(steam under pressure), increase pressure temp at wchich water boils increases allowing higher temps
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| show | not sterilization- moist heat is used to kill agents of infection without affecting flavor
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| Do all chemical antimicrobials result in sterilization? | show 🗑
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| show | using chemicals in therapy
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| What are antibiotics? | show 🗑
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| show | bacteria
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| For which microorganisms is selective toxicity hardest to acheive? | show 🗑
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| How is antibiotic resistance acquired? | show 🗑
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| show | indiscriminate use of antibiotics, using antibiotics for viral infections, broad spectrum antibiotics, export of antimicrobials to other countries
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| Why is resident flora important? | show 🗑
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| When is resident flora initiated? | show 🗑
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| show | true pathogens are able to cause disease in a healthy individual, opportunistic disease only affects immunocompromised individuals
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| Does the portal of entry affect the disease symptoms/progression? | show 🗑
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| show | structures of characteristics of a microbe that contributes to the diseases- virulence is the degree of pathogenicity (capsules, toxins, etc...)
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| show | primary residence in which a pathogen originates
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| What is a source? | show 🗑
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| What is a vector? | show 🗑
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| What is a biological vector? | show 🗑
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| show | vector only carries the pathogen
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| What are nosocomial infections? | show 🗑
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| show | random disease prevalence
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| show | disease with steady frequency over long period of time in certain geographic area
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| show | prevalence of a disease increases beyond what is expected
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| Define pandemic disease | show 🗑
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| show | must be acquired and provides specific resistance to infection from a specific species
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| show | present at birth- responds to a general class of m/o
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| What is considered the 1st line of defense? | show 🗑
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| What is considered the 2nd line of defense? | show 🗑
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| show | acquired with exposure to foreign substances, produces protective antibodies and creates memory cells(specific)
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| What is the blood composed of? | show 🗑
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| What is the role of WBCs? | show 🗑
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| show | transport oxygen and carbon dioxide to and from the tissues
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| What cells are lymphocytes? | show 🗑
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| What role does the lymphatic system play in immunity? | show 🗑
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| show | site of origin and maturation of lymphocytes- thymus gland and bone marrow
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| show | circulatory organs where encounters with microbes take place- lymph nodes, spleen, MALT, SALT, GALT (where lymphocytes gather for the first stick against microbes)
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| What is the inflammatory response? | show 🗑
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| Why is the inflammatory response important? | show 🗑
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| What is phagocytosis? | show 🗑
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| What immunity cells perform phagocytosis? | show 🗑
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| show | antibody generator- stimulate response by the B and T cells- usually proteins or polysaccharides on or inside cells-not PAMPs(molecules shared by many microbes that stimulate non-specific response)Highly individual which stimulate specific immune response
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| show | small fragment on the antigen which is the primary signal that the molecule is foreign
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| What is an antibody? | show 🗑
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| show | have immunoglobulins for receptors, bind free antigens- act as antibodies do to antigens- B cells produce antibodies
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| show | When B cells produce antibodies that coat microbes or particles so they are more readily recognized by phagocytes
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| show | When B cells produce antibodies that cross-link cells or particles into large clumps making it easier to destroy
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| show | When B cells produce antibodies that bind surface receptors on virus(preventing attachment) or on active site of a microbial enzyme(inhibiting function)
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| What do T cells do? | show 🗑
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| What are T helper cells? | show 🗑
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| show | CD8 receptors- attacks and kills specific target cells by secreting perforins and granzymes- punch holes in target cell and digests the proteins- kill virally infected cells, cancer cells, foreign animal and human cells
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| show | altered or exaggerated immune response that is manifested by inflammatory or over activated symptoms Type I,II, and II involve B cell responses Type IV- involves T cell responses
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| show | an overactive immune system can result in autoimmune diseases, while immunodeficiency disease is due to an underactive immune system and can be caused by genetic disorders, infection, or artifical agents such as chemo or radiation
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| show | skin and mucous membranes
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| What kinds of diseases does strep cause? | show 🗑
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| What kinds of diseases does Neisseria cause? | show 🗑
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| show | gram negative cocci (bean shaped) usually in pairs
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| Whcih bacteria from endospores? | show 🗑
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| What types of diseases are caused by gram positive rods? | show 🗑
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| show | Mycobacterium- have mycolic acids found in its cell wall
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| What are enterics? | show 🗑
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| show | enterics that are gram negative non-spore forming rods that ferment lactose- not considered true pathogens but some are pathogenic
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| What types of illness do enterics generally cause? | show 🗑
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| What insect vectors play important roles in microbial diseases? | show 🗑
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| What forms do fungi take on? | show 🗑
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| Which form of fungi is most invasive? | show 🗑
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| What is the difference between a true fungal pathogen and an opportunistic pathogen? | show 🗑
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| show | histoplasma capsulatum- fungi
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| What diseases are caused by protozoans? | show 🗑
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| Where are amoebas found? | show 🗑
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| show | malaria- symptoms of fatigue, aches, nausea, chills, fever- leads to hemolytic anemia and organ enlargement due to the lysed red blood cells
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| Where do many worm pathogens develop? | show 🗑
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| How do worm pathogens cause symptoms? | show 🗑
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| show | introduction of viral oncogenes- viral genome insertion which activates an oncogene- viral infection result in uncontrolled cell division due to machinery take over
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| show | enveloped or naked, capsid shape, nucleic acid type ssDNA(parvoviruses), dsDNA, ssRNA, dsRNA(reoviruses) RNA may be segmented or non segmented
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