Ch 11 Sec 1& 2
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| The scientific study of heredity is called _________. | genetics
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| T/F The male parts of pea flowers produce eggs. | false
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| T/F When pollen fertilizes an egg cell, a seed for a new plant is formed | true
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| T/F Pea plants normally reproduce by self-pollination | true
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| T/F Seeds that are produced by self-pollinattion inherit their characteristics from two different plants. | false
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| What does it mean when pea plants are described as being true-breeding? | If they were allowed to self-pollinate, they would produce offspring identical to themselves.
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| To perform his experiments, how did Mendel prevent pea flowers from self-pollinating and control their cross-pollination? | He cut away the male parts of a flower. Then he dusted that flower w/ pollen from a 2nd flower. The resulting seeds were crossed between the 2 plants
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| What are traits? | Specific characteristics that vary from one individual to another
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| What are hybrids? | The offspring of crosses between parents with different traits
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| What are genes? | Chemical factors that determine traits
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| What are alleles? | The different forms of a gene
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| Priniciple of dominance. | Some alleles are dominant and others are recessive
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| T/F An organism with a recessive allele for a particular form of a trait will always have that form. | false
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| Dominant alleles in Mendel's pea plants. | tall and yellow
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| How did Mendel find out wheter the recessive alleles were still present in F1 plants? | He allowed all 7 kinds of F1 hybrid plants to produce and F2 (2nd filial) generation by self-pollination. He crossed the F1 generation with itself to produce the F2 offspring.
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| About 1/4 of the F2 plants from Mendel's F1 crosses showed the trait controlled by the _________ allele. | recessive
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| T/F Mendel assumed that a dominant allele had masked the corresponding recessive allele in the F1 generation. | true
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| T/F The trait controlled by the recessive allele never showed up in any F2 plants | false
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| T/F The allele for shortness was always the inherited with the allele for tallness. | false
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| T/F At some point, the allele for shortness was segregated, or separated, from the allele for tallness. | true
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| What are gametes? | Sex cells
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| The dominant allele is represented by ____. | T/ uppercase
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| The recessive allele is represented by ____. | t/lowercase
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| The likelihood that a particular event will occur is called ________. | probability
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| Probability that a single coin flip will come up heads. | 50%
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| Why can the principles of probability be used to predict the outcomes of genetic crosses? | Coin flipping is relevant to genetics by the way in which alleles segregated completely randomly.
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| How do geneticists use Punnett squares? | They use the priniciples of probability to predict the outcomes of genetic crosses
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| Organisms that have two identical alleles for a particular trait (TT or tt) | homozygous
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| Organisms that have two different alleles for the same trait (Tt) | heterozygous
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| Physical characteristic of an organism (tall) | phenotype
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| Genetic makeup of an organism (Tt) | genotype
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| T/F Homozygous organisms are true-breeding for a particular trait. | true
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| T/F Plants with the same phenotype always have the same genotype. | false
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| T/F In an F1 cross between two hybrid tall pea plants (Tt) 1/2 of the F2 plants will have 2 alleles for tallness (TT) | false
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| The F2 ratio of tall plants to short plants produced in a cross between two hybrid tall pea plants (Tt) is 3 tall plants for every 1 short plant. | true
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| T/F Mendel observed that about 3/4 of the F2 offspring showed the dominant trait. | true
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| T/F Segregation occurs according to Mendel's model. | true
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| In Mendel's model of segregation, what was the ratio of tall plants to short plants in the F2 generation? | 3 to 1
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| T/F Probabilities predict the precise outcome of an individual event. | false
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| How can you be sure of getting the expected 50:50 ratio from flipping a coin? | Flip the coin many times
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| The ________ the number of offspring from the genetic cross, the closer the resulting offspring numbers will get to expected values. | larger
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| T/F The ratios of an F1 generation are more likely to matche Mendelian predictions if the F1 generation contains hundreds or thousands of individuals. | true
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