World Musics
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| Nhac Tai Tu | type of chamber music ensemble from S. Vietnam; amateur instrumentalists who play more for their own enjoyment than others
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| Piphat | classical ensemble from Thailand characterized by the use of melodic and rhythmic percussion and a double-reed aerophone
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| Khru | Thai teacher; linguistically associated with word “guru” found in Hinduism
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| Ramayana | Indian mythological epic about Hindu god Rama found throughout South and SE Asia
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| Khaen | bamboo free-reed mouth organ from NE Thailand and Laos
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| Polyphonic Stratification | layering of simultaneous variants of the same melody
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| Colotomic structure | music organized into cycles defined by periodic punctuation played by a specific instrument (basis for Javanese Court Gamelan)
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| Pi | double reed aerophone found in the piphat classical ensemble of Thailand
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| Palm Wine Guitar | popular music style from Sub-Sarharan Africa known for its association with folk musicians who frequently played for drinks, including palm wine
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| Metallophone | idiophone consisting of several metal bars graduated in length to produce different pitches
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| Maqam | Arabic/Turkish mode or system of rules and expectations for composition and improv
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| Dastgah | Persian (Iranian) mode or system of rules and expectations for composition and improv
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| Santur | hammered zither from Persian classical tradition
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| Ud | fretless, plucked pear-shaped lute found in Arabic music traditions and is the origin of certain lutes of Africa, Asia, and Europe
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| Kanun | plucked zither used in Turkish and Arabic music traditions, prominent in takht ensembles
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| Takht | Arabic music ensemble including zithers, bowed and plucked lutes, drums, aerophones, and sometimes non-traditional instruments
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| Khöömei | throat or overtone singing from Mongolia
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| Sankyoku | Japanese chamber ensemble, consisting of voice, koto (zither), shakuhachi (flute), and shamisen (lute)
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| Kabuki | popular music theater form developed for Japan’s middle class in the 18th C
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| Tarab | Arabic word for a state of emotional transformation or ecstasy achieved through music
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| Dhikr | Suf ritual in which believers chant the name of God with the goal of entering an ecstatic state
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| Adhan | Islamic call to prayer
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| Muezzin | person who calls Islamic believers to worship 5x a day
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| Raqs Sharqi | belly-dancing
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| Raqs balladi | more traditional form of dancing
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| Palm Wine Guitar | popular music style from Sub-Sarharan Africa known for its association with folk musicians who frequently played for drinks, including palm wine
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| Jali | poet/praise singer and oral historian from the Mandinka of Western Africa
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| Kora | harp-lute or bridge harp played by a jail during his poetic recitation
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| Mbube | genre of choral performance common among migrant workers of S. Africa
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| Atumpan | pair of large, goblet-shaped hollow logs with heads of tightly stretched animal skin
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| Mbira | lamellophones found in Africa
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| Akadinda | large, heavy log xylophone from Uganda that uses interlocking patterns that can approach nearly 600 bpm
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| Iscathamiya | derivative of mbube style, means “to walk like a cat,” softer, smoother, subdued dance style
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| Balalaika | triangle-shaped, fretted plucked lute from Russia
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| Flamenco | Spanish musical tradition featuring vocals with guitar accompaniment, characterized by passionate singing and vibrant rhythm
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| Duende | Spanish word meaning “passion,” which refers to an emotional quality considered essential in performances by Spanish Flamenco singers
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| Pibroch | form of Scottish bagpipe music with an extended theme-and-variations structure
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| Uilleann Bagpipes | bellows-driven pipes of Ireland, means “elbow”
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| Hurdy Gurdy | chordophone common in France and Hungary that uses a wheel turned by a crank to vibrate the strings
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| Ululation | performing of a single pitch repeatedly with glottal stops
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| Bagpipes | reed aerophone consisting of an air bag (bellows), chanter (melody pipe), and drone pipes
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| Rom | ethnic group originating in India characterized by a semi-nomadic lifestyle; Gypsies
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| Cimbalom | hammered zither from E. Europe, commonly associated with Rom (gypsy) music; national instrument of Hungary
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| Reggae | popular music from Jamaica characterized by a rhythmic emphasis on the offbeat and by politically and socially conscious lyrics
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| Calypso | popular music from Trinidad characterized by improvised lyrics on topical and broadly humorous subject matter
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| Pan | steel oil drum, instrument in Trinidad
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| Santeria | African-derived animistic belief system found primarily in Cuba and USA
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| Clave | rhythmic pattern in Salsa music, also an instrument
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| Guaracha | Latin American ballroom dance as well as a song type emphasizing call-and-response vocal organization
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| Ska | predecessor of reggae, Jamaican response to American rhythm and blues/rock and roll
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| Vaksin | group of bamboo “trumpets,” each capable of playing a single note
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| Rastafarianism | wore dreadlocks, smoking of ganga (marijuana)
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| Siku | panpipes common among indigenous populations from Peru and throughout the andes
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| Bombos | large drum used in sikuri performances from Peru as well as Samba music from Brazil
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| Totem | plant, animal, or natural object used as an emblem for a person or group of people
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| Tango | dance and associated music from Argentina
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| Bandoneon | button-box accordion
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| Mariachi | entertainment music from Mexico
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| Samba | music/dance from Brazil
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| Capoeira | dance developed from a style of martial arts created by runaway slaves in Brazil
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| Agogo | double-bell found in W Africa and used in African-derived music
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| Rêco-Rêco | notched scraper idiophone found in Latin American music traditions
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| Ginga | back-and-forth motion used as a basis for capoeira dancing
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| Pandeiros | handheld frame drum with attached cymbals used in capoeira music
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| Peurt a Beul | unaccompanied dance song with nonsense syllables used to substitute for fiddling
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| Céilidh | house party
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| Wacipi (powwow) | pan-tribal American Indian event celebrating Native American identity and culture, generally also open to non-Native Americans
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| Conjunto | popular dance music found along Texas-Mexico border in North America
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| Lining-out | minister would read the psalm before it was sung
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| Semiotics | the study of signs and systems of signs, including music
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| Poietic | creator of music encodes meanings and emotions into the “neutral” composition or performance
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| Esthesic | person listening to music interprets meaning and emotions
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| Ethocentrism | unconscious assumption that one’s own cultural background is “normal” while that of others is “strange” or “exotic”
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| Ethnomusicology | scholarly study of any music within its contemporary cultural
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| Bi-musicality | researchers combine learning to play the music under study with field observation (Ki Mantle Hood)
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| Postmodernism | de-emphasizes description and the search for absolute truth in favor of interpretation and the acceptance of the reality of truth
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| Canon | foundational list of core composers and works every music student is expected to know
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| Organology | study of musical instruments
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| Sachs-Hornbostel System | standard classification system for musical instruments created by Curt Sachs and Erik M. von Hornbostel
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| Aerophone | produces sound through air vibration
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| Chordophones | stringed instruments (lutes, zithers, harps, lyres)
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| Fret | bar or ridge found on chordophones that enables performers to produce different melodic pitches with consistent frequency levels
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| Idiophones | instruments that produce sound through the instrument itself vibrating
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| Membranophones | have a vibrating membrane
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| Melodic contour | general direction and shape of a melody
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| Drone | continuous or repeating sound
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| Text-setting | rhythmic relationship of words to melody; can by syllabic (one pitch per syllable) or melismatic (more than one pitch per syllable)
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| Phonic Structure | relationship between different sounds in a given piece; can be either monophony or some form of polyphony
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| Monophony | music with a single melodic line
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| Polyphony | juxtaposition or overlapping of multiple lines of music; 3 types are homophony, independent polyphony, and heterophony
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| Homophony | multiple lines of music expressing the same musical idea in the same meter
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| Independent polyphony | multiple lines of music expressing independent musical ideas as a cohesive whole
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| Heterophony | multiple performers playing simultaneous variations of the same line of music
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| Etic | perspective of a cultural outsider
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| Emic | perspective of a cultural insider
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| Santur | hammered zither from the Persian classical tradition. Often cited as the origin of hammered zithers found throughout Asia, N Africa, Europe, and the W Hemisphere
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| Zurna | double-reed aerophone from Turkey, North Africa, and Greece
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| Baglama | round-bodied lute from turkey
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| Polynesia | collection of islands in the Pacific Ocean. Term derived from Greek- “many islands”
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| Didjeridu | long trumpet made from a hollowed tree brance and played by Aborigines from Australia; low, rumbling drone sound
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| Aborigines | generic term for an indigenous population, often used to describe native people of Australia
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| Animism | belief systems in which natural phenomena as well as both animate and inanimate objects are considered to possess a spirit
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| Dreamtime | term describing Australian aboriginal spiritual belief system and concept of creation
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| Melanesia | islands in Pacific Ocean, means “black islands” because of darker skin pigmentation of majority of population
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| Portamento | smooth, uninterrupted glide from one pitch to another
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| Pahu | single-headed cylindrical membranophone from Hawaii that stands vertically on a carved footed base
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| Kilu | small drum from Hawaii, usually made from a coconut shell with a fish skin face
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| Hulu pahu | Hawaiian dance songs using drum accompaniment
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| Micronesia | “tiny islands”
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| Sarod | fretless, plucked lute from India
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| Caste System | hierarchical system of social organization based on hereditary status at birth, found in Indai and associated with Hinduism
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| Raga | mode or system of rules and procedures for composition and improv in Indian classical music
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| Bollywood | India’s film industry, Bombay and Hollywood
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| Bhajan | Hindu devotional songs from India
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| Bauls | group of itinerant musicians from India, especially noted for their poetry
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| Bols | mnemonic syllables corresponding to drum strokes in Indian drumming traditions
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| Gat | skeletal melody used as a basis for improve in a raga performance of classical Indian instrumental music
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| Alap | opening section of a raga performance in which the performer “explores” the raga
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