chapter 41 intraoral radiography
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| alignment of central ray beam in horizontal and vertical planes | angulation
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| intraoral technique of exposing periapical films | bisecting ( bisection of the angle ) technique
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| type of radiograph used in the interproximal examination | bitewing
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| x-ray at center of beam | central ray
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| area of the mesial or distal surfaces of a tooth that touches adjacent tooth in the same arch | contact area
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| coronal portion of alveolar bone found between the teeth | crestal bone
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| impairment of mental or physical functioning that usually occurs before adulthood and lasts indefinitely | developmental disability
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| referring to radiographs with the proper images and necessary density contrast definition and detail for diagnostic purposes | diagnostic quality
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| between two adjacent surfaces | interproximal
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| cutting across or through | intersecting
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| imaginary ine dividing the tooth longitudinally (vertically) into two equal halves | long axis of the tooth
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| used to examine large areas of the upper or lower jaw | occlusal technique
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| moving or lying in the same plane always separated by the same distance | parallel
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| intraoral technique of exposing periapical and bitewing radiographs | paralleling technique
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| intersecting at or forming a right angle | perpendicular
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| impairment in certain funcion(s) of the body such as vision hearing or mobility | physical disability
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| angel of 90 degrees formed by two lines perpendicular to each other | right angle
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| for the average adult a full mouth series (FMX) consists of how many films | 18 to 20
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| a bitewing radiograph is used for detecting what | interproximal decay, periodontal disease, recurrent decay under restorations and the fit of metallic fillings or crowns
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| a periapical radiograph is used for what | to diagnoxe pathologic conditions of the tooth,root and bone as well as tooth formation and eruption.
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| which area is the region in which the number of films vary in a FMX | anterior
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| what are the two basic techniques for obtaining periapical x-rays | paralleling and bisecting
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| what technique provides the most accurat image with the least amount of radiation exposure to the patient | paralleling
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| what technique is also known as the extension cone paralleling (XCP), right angle, or long -cone technique | paralleling
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| what is the basic rule for film placement when using the paralleling technique | film must be placed in the mouth, so that it will cover teh correct teeth to be examined
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| what is the basic rule for film position when using the paralleling technique | the film must be positioned parallel to the long axis of the tooth. The film, in the film hlder, must be placed away from the teeth and toward the middle of the mouth
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| what is the basic rule for vertical angulation when using the paralleling technique | the central ray of the x-ray beam must be directed perpendicular ( at a right angle) to the film and the long axis of the tooth
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| what is the basic rule for horizontal angulation when using the paralleling technique | the central ray of the x-ray beam must be directed through the contact areas between the teeth
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| what is the basic rule for central ray when using the paralleling technique | the x-ray beam must be centered on teh film to ensure that all areas of the film are exposed
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| when exposing periapical films with the paralleling technique where should you always start | with the anterior teeth ( canines and incisors )
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| how do you know if your XCP instrument ( RINN, ring and rod ect ) is correctly assembled | when the film is seen centered in the middle of the aiming ring
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| in what circumstances would we use the bisecting technique when taking radiographs | patients with very small mouths, children, and patients with low or flat palatal vaults
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| when using the bisecting technique where do you place the film | place the film directly against the teeth to be radiographed
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| what is the major disadvantage of using the bisecting technique | the image on the film is dimensionaly distorted
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| what types of holders are available to use with the bisecting technique | BAI,Stabe bite block,EeZee grip film holder previously called the snap a ray
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| incorrect horizontal angulation results in what | overlapped ( unopened ) contact areas
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| correct horizontal angulation the central ray is directed perpendicular to the | curvatre of the arch and through the contact areas of the teeth
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| when using the bisecting technique or the paralleling technique what angulation doesnt change | horizontal angualtion
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| when using the bisecting technique or the paralleling technique what angulation will change | vertical angulation
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| with the bisecting technique the vertical angulation is determined by what | the imaginary bisector, then central ray is directed perpendicular to the imaginary bisector
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| with the paralleling technique the vertical angulation of the central ray is | directed perpendicular to the film and the long axis of the tooth
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| incorrect vertical angulation result in what | an image that is not the same length as the tooth that is being x-rayed.
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| what does elongated mean | the image appears longer on the xray than it is
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| what does foreshortened mean | the image appears shorter on the xray than it is
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| what is very critical in the bitewing technique | the angulation of the PID
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| the number of bitwing films necessary is base on what | the curvature of the arch and the number of teeth present in the posterior areas
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| what areas should be included on the adult premolar bitewing | distal half of the crowns of the canines, both premolars and often the firt molars on both maxillary and mandibular arches
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| when taking a molar film where should you center the film | over the second molars
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| what is the occlusal technique used for | to examine large areas of the upper or lower jaw
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| what size of film do we use on adults when taking an occlusal radiograph | 4
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| what size of film do we use on children when taking an occlusal radiograph | 2
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| when taking a maxillary occlusal radiograph at what angle do you want the PID through the center of the film | +65 degrees
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| when taking a mandibular occlusal radiograph at what angel do you want the PID to the center of the film packet | 90 degrees
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| what does edentulous mean | without teeth
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| why would we need radiographs on an edentulous patient | detect retained root tips,impacted teeth,and lesions (cysts , tumors) to identify objects embedded in the bone, and to observe the quantity and health of the bone
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| what is important to do with the milliamperage and kilovoltage and exposure time when taking radiographs on a child | they must be reduced becuase of the smaller size of the patient
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| what size of film do we use for the pediatric patient | size 0
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| what size of film do we use for a child with mixed dentition | size 1 or 2 film
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| what can be used to aid in positioning the film during a root canal procedure | the endo ray film holder
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| what qualities must a diagonostic endodontic film have | tooth is centered on the film, at least 5 mm of bone beyond the apex of the tooth is visable, image is as anatomically correct as possible`
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| what must you do to help prevent the gag reflex | convey a confident attitude
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| what film placement is most likely to cause the gag reflex | maxillary molar
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| in extreme gag reflex patients what is another way of getting radiographs if you can not take them intraorally | extraoral radiographs , panoramic or lateral jaw films
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| processed radiographs are arranged in what order | anatomic
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| what must the film mount always be labeled with | the patients name, date taken,dentists name and address
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| what is the labial method of mounting xrays | films are placed in the mounth with the raised dots facing up, they are viewed as if the viewer is looking diretly at the patient
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| what happens to your radiograph if exposed to light before processing | turns black
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| what happens to your radiograph if unexposed | will be clear
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