A&P 2404 Final
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| What are the 2 classes of hormones? | Amino acid based(amines) & Steroid based
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| What are the hormones in the Anterior Pituitary? | GH,Prolactin,LH,FSH, ACTC,TSH
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| What does GH promote? | Bone muscle growth
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| What does prolactin promote? | Milk production & mammary glands
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| What does LH promote? | Sex hormone release
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| What does FSH promote? | Production of gamates
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| ACTC promotes what? | adrenal cortex stimulation
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| What does TSH do? | Stimulates Thyroid Hormone
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| What are the Hormones of the Posterior Pituitary? | ADH & oxytocin
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| ADH is responsible for what? | increasing amount of water retained
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| What does oxytocin promote? | uterine contraction & milk ejection
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| What are the Hormones of the Thyroid? | Thyroxin & Calcitonin
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| What does Thyroxin promote? | stimulates almost Every cell, raises energy, heart rate, metabolic rate to consume energy.
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| What does Calcitonin do? | Lowers calcium levels in blood
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| What are the Hormones of the Thymus? | Thymosine & Thymopoietin
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| What do the Hormones of the Thymus do? | help mature T-cells that grow until puberty then begin to shrink
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| What is the Hormone of the Parathyroid? | Parathormone
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| What does the PTH do? | Increase calcium levers in blood
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| What are the Hormones of the Pancreas? | Insulin, Glucagon,Somatostatin
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| Insulin is responsible for? | decreasing blood sugar
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| Glucagon is responsible for? | increasing blood sugar
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| What is Somatostatin responsible for? | inhibitory to both
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| What are the Hormones of the Gonads? | in men:testosterone; in women:estrogen
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| What are the hormones of the Adrenal Medulla? | Nor epinephrine & epinephrine
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| What are the hormones of the Adrenal Cortex? | Zona Glomerulosa, Zona Faciculata, Zona Reticularis
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| Zona Glomerulosa | Aldosterone; increase sodium levels in blood
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| What are the 2 classes of hormones? | Amino acid based(amines) & Steroid based
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| What are the hormones in the Anterior Pituitary? | GH,Prolactin,LH,FSH, ACTC,TSH
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| What does GH promote? | Bone muscle growth
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| What does prolactin promote? | Milk production & mammary glands
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| What does LH promote? | Sex hormone release
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| What does FSH promote? | Production of gamates
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| ACTC promotes what? | adrenal cortex stimulation
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| What does TSH do? | Stimulates Thyroid Hormone
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| What are the Hormones of the Posterior Pituitary? | ADH & oxytocin
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| ADH is responsible for what? | increasing amount of water retained
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| What does oxytocin promote? | uterine contraction & milk ejection
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| What are the Hormones of the Thyroid? | Thyroxin & Calcitonin
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| What does Thyroxin promote? | stimulates almost Every cell, raises energy, heart rate, metabolic rate to consume energy.
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| What does Calcitonin do? | Lowers calcium levels in blood
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| What are the Hormones of the Thymus? | Thymosine & Thymopoietin
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| What do the Hormones of the Thymus do? | help mature T-cells that grow until puberty then begin to shrink
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| What is the Hormone of the Parathyroid? | Parathormone
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| What does the PTH do? | Increase calcium levers in blood
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| What are the Hormones of the Pancreas? | Insulin, Glucagon,Somatostatin
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| Insulin is responsible for? | decreasing blood sugar
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| Glucagon is responsible for? | increasing blood sugar
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| What is Somatostatin responsible for? | inhibitory to both
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| What are the Hormones of the Gonads? | in men:testosterone; in women:estrogen
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| What are the hormones of the Adrenal Medulla? | Nor epinephrine & epinephrine
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| What are the hormones of the Adrenal Cortex? | Zona Glomerulosa, Zona Faciculata, Zona Reticularis
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| Zona Glomerulosa | Aldosterone; increases sodium levels in blood
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| Zona Faciculata | Glucocorticoids; Cortisol; responsible for enegry usage
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| Zona Reticularis | Gonadocoricoids; Androgen; male sex hormones
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| What are the hormones of the Pineal Gland? | Melatonin & Serotonin
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| What are the Hormones of the Pineal Gland responsible for? | Sleep wake cycle and mood
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| What are 3 different types of blood cells? | RBC, WBC & Platelets
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| Erythrocytes are.... | Reb Blood Cells
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| What are Platelets responsible for? | blood clotting
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| What are two types of Leukocytes? | Granulocytes & Agranulocytes
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| Name the Granulocytes. | Neutophil, Eosinophils, Basophil
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| Name the Agranulocytes. | Lymphocytes & monocytes
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| What are Tropic Hormones? | Hormones who target is another endocrine gland
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| What is the Connection between the Endocrine & Nervous System? how? | The Hypothalamus; it releases regulatory chemicals to pituitary& the pituitary affects a lot of endocrine glands
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| List Leukocytes in order from most abundant to least. | Neutrophil, Lymphocytes, Monocytes, Eosinophil, Basophil
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| Neutrophils | phagocytes
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| Lymphocytes | T&B cells (IMMUNE RESPONSE)
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| Monocytes | Phagocytes
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| Eosinophil | parasitic worms
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| Basophil | inflammation; allergies
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| What are two pathways for clotting? | Intrinsic & Extrinsic
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| Which Pathway for clotting is initiated by factors entirely within blood? | Intrinsic
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| Which pathway for clotting is a shortcut that involves input from injured tissues? | Extrinsic
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| What makes clotting happen a lot faster? | Tissue Factor
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| A possible change in physiological Activity | Changes in membrane permeability or membrane potential
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| A posssible change in physiological Activity | Increase or decrease protein sythesis (making of protein)
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| A possible change in physiological Activity | Enzyme activation or deactivation
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| A possible change in physiological Activity | Mitotic stimulation
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| A possible change in physiological Activity | Induction of secretion
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| What are the General Activities of Hormones? | hormones circulate in bloodstream to all tissues, each hormone influences only certain tissues which are called targets.
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| What are 2 major mechanisms of hormone action? | 2nd Messanger system & Gene Activation
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| Steroids and thyroxine are based on which major mechanism of hormone action? | Gene activation
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| In Gene activation, what goes INTO cell and binds to receptor and THEN into the nucleus(steroid or thyroxine)? | Steroid
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| In Gene Activation, What enters the nucleus FIRST then binds to a receptor in the nucleus (Steroid/thyroxine)? | Thyroxine
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| What is required for a hormone to activate change? | A receptor
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| Which Mechanism of Hormone Action is used by amino acid based hormones? | 2nd messanger system
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| In the 2nd Messanger system what is the 2nd Messanger? | cAMP
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| What are alternate second messangers? | diacyglycerol and IP3
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| What are diacyglycerol and IP3 derived from? | PIP2
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| What causes release of calcium, that can also act as a 3rd messanger? | IP3
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| In 2nd messanger system,A hormone comes together with a G protein and what? | adenylate cyclase
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| In 2nd messanger system, a G protein and adenylate cyclase split what? | GTP
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| In 2nd messanger system, what does GTP activate? | Adenylate cyclase
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| In 2nd messanger system, adenylate cyclase turns ATP into? | cAMP
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| These cells carry oxygen. | RBC
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| These cells are Hemoglobin packed. | RBC
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| RBC's are broken down and recycled by what? | Spleen
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| These cells are biconcave discs | RBC
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| These are the most Numberous types of blood cell | RBC
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| What are the 3 phases of the Cardiac cycle? | Ventricular Filling, Ventricular Systole, and Isovolumetri relaxation
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| Systole means the same as | contract, excitation, depolarization
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| Diastole means the same as | relaxation, repolarization
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| During what part of the Cardiac cycle is blood volume in ventricles are lower than in atria, | Ventricular filling
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| During what part of the Cardia cycle are the folling true Atria contraction, 70% passive, & pressure is highest in atria? | Ventricular filling
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| What is the period where pressure in ventricles rise quickly to above that in the aorta and S-L valves open? | Ejection period
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| In which phase of the Cardiac cycle are all of these true; Isovolumetric contraction, ejection period, Ventricular pressure highest, Atria have 2nd highest pressure, AV valves closed & SL valves open. | Ventricular Systole
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| What phase is occuring when the pressure in the aorta is the highest, pressure in ventricles the 2nd highest and pressure in atria the lowest, SL& AV valve closed | Isovolumetric relaxation
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| Non contactile cardiac cells that initiate and conduct electrical impulses through the heart | Intrinsic conduction system AKA nodal system
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| What cells make the heart pump? | Autorhythmic cells
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| These cells have unstable resting potential(slowly drift toward threshold & depolarization) | Autorhythmic cells
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| In the Intrinsic conduction system, What does Ca++ influx cause? | Action potential
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| In the Pathway of conduction what is known as the pacemaker and is the strongest? | SA node
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| Complete the Pathway. SA Node, AV Node, ______, Bundle branches, & Purkinje fibers | AV bundle
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| Complete the pathway. _____, AV Node, AV Bundle(bundle of his), Bundle branches, purkinje fibers. | SA Node
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| Complete the pathway. SA Node, ______, AV Bundle(bundle of his), Bundle branches, Purkinje fibers | AV Node
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| Complete the pathway. SA Node, AV Node, AV bundle, Bundle branches, ___________ | Purkinje Fibers
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| Complete the pathway. SA Node, AV Node, AV Bundle, _________, Purkinje Fibers | Bundle branches
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| What is the formula for Cardiac Output | CO= SVx HR
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| In an EKG, the P wave represents... | Atrial Systole;Depolarization of the atria
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| In an EKG, the QRS complex represents... | Ventricular Depolarization
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| In an EKG, the T wave represents... | Ventricular Repolarization or ventricular relaxation
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| In an EKG, Atrial Systole or Depolarization of the atria occurs at what point? | The P-wave
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| In an EKG, Ventricular depolarization occurs at what point? | QRS complex
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| In an EKG, Ventricular repolarization or relaxation of the ventricles occurs at what point? | T wave
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| What are 2 Intervals of an EKG? | PR interval & QT interval
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| In an EKG, which interval starts at the beginning of atrial systole to the start of ventricular systole | PR interval
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| In an EKG, which interval goes from ventricular depolarization(contraction) to ventricular repolarization | QT interval
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| The amount of blood pumped out by a ventricle in 1 minute | Cardiac output
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| The volume of blood pumped out by a ventricle in a single beat | Stroke volume
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| With High PO2, would hemoglobin have a strong or weak attraction to O2? | Hb would have a strong affinity for O2
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| If temperature increase, would the affinity for oxygen increase or decrease? | Hb's affinity for O2 would decrease
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| A decrease of pH would strengthen or weaken Hb's affinity for O2? | It would weaken the bond between O2 and Hb
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| With high PCO2, would Hb have a strong or weak affinity for O2? | High PCO2 Weakens the affinity of Hb for O2
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| Hormones that increase metabolism, raise or lower affinty? | Lower
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| What are 3 method of CO2 transport in blood? | dissolved in plasma, bound to Hb, and as a bicarbonate in plasma
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| What are the main structures if the Respiratory System? | Nose, Pharynx(throat), trachea, bronchi and lungs
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| What does surfactant do? | Reduces surface tension of H2O
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| Name 3 phases of Gastric secretion | Cephalic phase, Gastric phase, and intestinal phase
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| Which phase of gastric secretion is food before it enters the stomach (sight, smell, sound, taste food) & stimulates gastric secretion; Conditioned response (dampened if food is interesting) | Cephalic phase
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| What are the 3 stimuli of the gastric phase of gastric secretion? | distension, increased pH, high protein
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| In the gastric phase of gastric secretion,What is distension? | stretch receptors that decrease impulse to medulla back to the stomach
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| In the gastric phase of gastric secretion,What is the stimulating to secretion? | Ach
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| In the gastric phase of gastric secretion what happens when there is an increase in pH? | gastrin release is stimulated & increase of HCL output
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| In the gastric phase of gastric secretion, when do proteins tie up H+ | when there is high protein
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| In the gastric phase of gastric secretion, what things bind to parietal cells & stimulate HCL output? | Ach, gastrin, histamine
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| What phase of gastric secretion is occuring when hormones from the small intesting that regulate stomach emptying? | Intestinal phase
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| In gastric secretion._______ _____ is Stimulatory to gastric secretion if the first part of small intestine is too ful, or the chyme is acidic ot too fatty | Intestinal gastrin
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| The Intestinal phase of gastric secretion triggers ___________; which inhibits gasrtic secretion-food time in stomach is extended? | Enterogastric reflex
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| What is the PCT responsible for as a renal component? | Removal of Ions,amino acids, glucose; H2O flows out(causes volume decrease) & is reabsorbed before reaching the loop
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| What is the significance of the Descending limb as a renal component? | is freely permeable to H2O
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| What is the ascending arm responsible for as a renal component? | IMpermeable to H2O, Na+, and Cl- actively transported out
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| What is the DCT responsible for as a renal component? | generally impermeable to solutes, ALDOSTERONE acts here to mediate Na+, area also RESPONDS TO ADH
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| What is the collecting duct responsible for as a renal component? | SITE for FACULTATIVE WATER REABSORPTION(dependent on ADH)
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