Absite killer plus
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
Help!
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| show | Alveolar macrophages
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| show | Increase in end-tidal CO2
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| show | Dantrolene
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| What is the first muscle to recover from paralytics? | show 🗑
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| show | HMG coA Reductase
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| Where is angiotensin I converted into angiotensin II? | show 🗑
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| What are the effects of angiotensin II? | show 🗑
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| show | Left vagus (anterior) gives hepatic branch, Right (posterior) gives celiac branch and "criminal nerve of Grassi"
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| Which cells produce pepsinogen? | show 🗑
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| Which cells produce intrinsic factor? | show 🗑
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| show | Acetylcholine, gastrin, and histamine
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| What is the mechanism of omeprazole? | show 🗑
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| What is the most common symptom post-vagotomy? | show 🗑
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| What is the cause of early (15-30 min) dumping syndrome? | show 🗑
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| What is the cause of late (2-3 hrs) dumping syndrome? | show 🗑
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| show | 1) contract gallbladder
2) Relax Sphincter of Oddi
3) Increase pancreatic enzyme secretion
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| What is the primary stimulus of pancreatic bicarb secretion? | show 🗑
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| show | Flow rate: high flow = high bicarb, low Cl. Slow flow allows more HCO3/Cl exchange
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| show | Phase I - quiescence;
Phase II - acceleration, gallbladder contraction;
Phase III - peristalsis;
Phase IV - subsiding electric activity; occurs in 90 min cycles
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| show | motilin
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| show | Erythromycin
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| What is the action of Protein C and Protein S? | show 🗑
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| What is the only clotting factor not made in the liver? | show 🗑
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| What is the difference between the three types of Von Willebrand's Disease? | show 🗑
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| show | Von Willebrand's Disease (autosomal dominant)
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| What is the pathophysiology of Glanzman's thombasthenia? | show 🗑
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| What is the pathophysiology of Bernard Soulier syndrome? | show 🗑
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| show | Ristocetin test
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| What are the three possible treatments for vWD? | show 🗑
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| show | Ice, ROM therapy, Factor replacement
Do not aspirate
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| show | Factor V Leiden
Prothrombin mutation (GP20210)
Hyper-homocysteinemia
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| What is the treatment for overdose of thrombolytics? | show 🗑
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| What are the effects of prostacyclin? | show 🗑
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| What are the effects of thromboxane? | show 🗑
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| show | IL-4
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| show | C3a, C5a
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| Which complements make up the membrane attack complex? | show 🗑
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| show | Natural killer cells
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| What is the source of histamine in blood? | show 🗑
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| show | Mast cells
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| What is endotoxin? Where does it come from? | show 🗑
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| show | >77% - sepsis or cyandide poisoning
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| show | <66% - decreased CO
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| show | sub-diaphragmatic
sub-hepatic
inter-loop
pelvic
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| show | B-strep
Clostridial (GPR)
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| show | Inhibits cell wall synthesis
Altered cell wall (unable to bind)
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| show | DNA gyrase inhibition
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| show | binds sterols to alter fungal cell wall
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| show | Clindamycin
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| What are the risks of a blood transfusion? | show 🗑
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| What are the vitamin K dependent factors? | show 🗑
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| Which antibiotics are bacteriocidal, with irreversible binding to 30S ribosome subunit, and resistance due to decreased active transport? | show 🗑
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| show | Succinylcholine
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| What is an adverse effect of succinylcholine in burn patients? | show 🗑
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| show | Dopamine receptor blocker - Increases LES tone and gastric motility
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| What is the mechanism of digoxin? | show 🗑
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| show | Slows AV conduction, inotrope but does not increase O2 consumption
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| show | Vasopressin: reduces splanchnic blood floow, portal flow ~40%. Give with B-blocker to avoid angina
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| show | Saliva (20 meq) > gastric (10 meq) > pancreatic/duodenal (5 meq)
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| show | 2/3 is intracellular and 1/3 is extracellular (80% of extracellular fluid is interstitial and 20% is plasma)
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| What drug can reverse adverse effects of steroids on wound healing? | show 🗑
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| How many kcal/g are in protein, fat, and carbs? | show 🗑
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| show | Vit D made in skin, to liver for (25-OH, calcidiol), then to kidney for (1-OH, calcitriol), then active
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| What is the respiratory quotient? | show 🗑
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| What is the preferred fuel of the colon? | show 🗑
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| show | Long chain: Micelles to enterocytes to chylomicrons to lymphatics (to jxn LIJ/SCV); medium and short chain are directly absorbed into portal system with aa's and carbs
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| show | Glutamine
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| What is the #1 amino acid in the blood stream? | show 🗑
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| show | Glutamine goes to kidney to form ammonium to help acidosis
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| What vitamin deficiency causes hyperglycemia (relative diabetes) and neuropathy? | show 🗑
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| show | Zinc
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| What vitamin deficiency causes weakness (respiratory) and encephalopathy? | show 🗑
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| show | Copper
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| show | glucose to lactate, to the liver, to glucose
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| show | ketones from fatty acids (instead of glutamine)
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| What are the electrolyte concentrations of NS vs LR? | show 🗑
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| show | Hypocalcemia and hypomagnesemia
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| show | Low Mg inhibits PTH, so replace MG if difficulty correcting Ca
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| What are the phases of the cell cycle? | show 🗑
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| What phase of the cell cycle is most sensitive to radiation therapy? | show 🗑
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| What are the recommendations for biopsy of an extremity sarcoma? | show 🗑
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| What is a complication of bleomycin and busulfan? | show 🗑
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| What are the risks of tamoxifen? | show 🗑
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| show | Medullary thyroid cancer
Patient with family history of MEN who has ret proto-oncogene should have total thyroidectomy
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| show | Neurotoxicity
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| show | Myofibroblasts
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| show | Myofibroblasts
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| show | Type I
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| show | III (this is the collagen of granulation tissue)
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| What type of collage is low in Ehler-Danlos? | show 🗑
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| What is the time frame of collagen production in a wound? | show 🗑
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| What is the order of cells to a healing wound? | show 🗑
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| show | stimulates fibroblasts and chemotactic for neutrophils (too much/too long can cause fibrosis)
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| show | Attracts fibroblasts and increases smooth muscle to speed matrix deposition and collagen formation
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| show | Macrophage/monocyte
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| What cell does TNF recruit and activate? | show 🗑
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| show | Anorexia, glycolysis, and lipolysis
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| What is batson's plexus, and what is it's significance? | show 🗑
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| What is Poland's syndrome? | show 🗑
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| show | thrombophlebitis of superficial vein of breast. Cord like mass laterally.
Treat with NSAIDS
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| show | T1 = <2cm T2 = 2-5cm T3 = >5cm T4 = skin or chest wall involvement
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| show | N1 = ipsilateral lymph nodes (1-3 LN on path) N2 = fixed or matted LN (4-9 LN on path) N3 = infraclavicular, supraclavicular, or internal mammary (>10 LN on path)
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| show | Stage I = T1 Stage IIA = T1N1 or T2N0; IIB = T2N1, T3N0 Stage IIIA = T1-3 and N2, or T3N1; IIIB = T4N0-2; IIIC = Any T N3
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| show | ER+PR+ > ER-PR+ > ER+PR- > ER-PR-
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| What % of DCIS develop invasive cancer? | show 🗑
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| show | 30-40% (in either breast)
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| What is the difference pathophysiologically in cancer risk between DCIS and LCIS? | show 🗑
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| What % of Phyllodes tumor are malignant? | show 🗑
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| What is the treatment for Phyllodes tumor? | show 🗑
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| What type of cancer is BRCA1 and BRCA2 associated with? | show 🗑
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| show | >4 nodes
skin or chest wall involvement
+margins
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| show | Prior radiation to breast/chest wall
Radiation therapy during pregnancy
Diffuse suspicious or malignant appearing microcalcifications
Widespread disease not able to be incorporated by local excision
Positive margins
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| show | Intraductal papilloma - no risk of CA
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| What is Stewart-Treves syndrome? | show 🗑
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| What is the difference between the two types of alveoli? | show 🗑
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| show | 10% of m.g. have thymomas
Resecting thymus (even if no thymoma) in m.g. improves 90%
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| show | hamartoma
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| What are the indications for CABG? | show 🗑
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| show | Indomethacin - blocks PG production - effective in ~70%
Surgery for those that don't close at 6 months of age
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| What are the effects of IABP? | show 🗑
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| show | K and HCO3
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| show | Superior rectal artery off IMA
Middle off internal iliac
Inferior off internal pudendal (off internal iliac)
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| What are the most common genetic mutations in colon cancer? | show 🗑
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| show | 3 1st generation relatives, over 2 generations, 1 diagnosed before age 50
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| Gardner's syndrome | show 🗑
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| show | colon CA and brain tumors
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| show | polyposis and mucocutaneous pigmentation; increased risk of GI, gonadal, breast cancers
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| show | HLA B27
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| show | posterior midline, 10% are anterior in women
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| What are the causes of anal fissures which are lateral or recurrent? | show 🗑
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| show | 15-25 mm Hg, 4cm long, 40cm from incisors
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| show | calcium channel blockers
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| What is the pathophysiology of achalasia? | show 🗑
|
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| show | right gastroepiploic artery
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| What is the treatment of esophageal leiomyoma? | show 🗑
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| What is Killian's triangle? | show 🗑
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| show | Torus - bony exotosis, midline of palate
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| show | Erythroplakia
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| What is the general treatment for different stages of head and neck SCCa? | show 🗑
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| What is the treatment for glottic Ca? | show 🗑
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| show | Epidermoid carcinoma. Lower > upper due to sun exposure
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| show | 50% presesnt late (as neck mass). Drain to posterior neck nodes. A/w EBV
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| show | Resect, primary closure if <1/2 of lip, otherwise flaps. Radical neck dissection if node+
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| show | Triad of dysphagia (due to esophageal webs), glossitis, and iron deficiency anemia. Increased risk of esophageal/tongue Ca
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| show | #1 - Mucoepidermoid carcinoma #2 - Adenoid cystic carcinoma (#1 of submandibular and minor glands)
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| show | Pleomorphic adenoma (#1 overall), Warthin tumor
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| What is the treatment for a benign salivary gland tumor? | show 🗑
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| show | Radical neck takes CN XI, SCM, IJ. Modified spares some combination of those structures (CN XI is most morbid)
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| show | Juvenile Nasopharyngeal Angiofibroma - benign but locally agressive vascular tumor of nasal cavity. Embolize (internal maxillary artery), then extirpate
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| What is a replaced right or left hepatic artery? | show 🗑
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| What are Kupffer cells? | show 🗑
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| show | Portal vein posterior to CBD (on R) and hepatic artery (on L)
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| show | Iatrogenic (lap chole)
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| What are the symptoms and treatment of cholangitis? | show 🗑
|
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| show | Cholecystectomy adequate if confined to mucosa. If grossly visible tumor - regional lymphadenectomy, wedge segment V, skeletonize portal triad
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| show | UGIB, RUQ pain, and jaundice - caused by fistula between biliary duct and hepatic arterial system
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| show | workup and treatment with arteriogram
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| show | Active absorption of Na, Cl (H20 then follows)
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|
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| show | Hepatic adenoma is an indication for resection 10% rupture/bleed + malignant potential
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| show | Do nothing unless giant or symptomatic/consumptive
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|
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| What is Kasabach-Merritt syndrome? | show 🗑
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| show | metronidazole, not surgical
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| What is the treatment of hydatid cysts? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What is the work-up of hydatid cysts? | show 🗑
|
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| What are the main risk factors for hepatocellular carcinoma? | show 🗑
|
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| show | Fibrolamellar
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|
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| What is the difference between these types of peripheral nerve injuries: neuropraxis, axonotmesis, neurotmesis? | show 🗑
|
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| show | Produced when high osmolarity is sensed at supraoptic nucleus of hypothalamus
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| show | Alcohol and head injury inhibit ADH release - high UOP, low urine SG, high serum osmolarity/Na
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|
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| show | Increased ADH release most often by head trauma/tumors or SCLC. Oliguria, high urine osmolarity, low serum osmolarity/Na
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| What is the effect of ADH? | show 🗑
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| show | Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP) - Intracranial Pressure (ICP)
Keep ~70
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| What is Cushing's triad? | show 🗑
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| show | Motor: 6 commands, 5 localizes, 4 withdraw pain, 3 flexion, 2 extension, 1 none
Verbal: 5 oriented, 4 confused, 3 inappropriate, 2 incomprehensible, 1 none
Eyes: 4 spont, 3 command, 2 pain, 1 none
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| What are the signs of spinal shock? | show 🗑
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| show | Lose bilateral motor, pain, and temperature.
Keep position sense, light touch
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| show | Spinal cord hemi-transection
Lose ipsilateral motor, contralateral pain and temperature
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| What is Central Cord Syndrome? | show 🗑
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| show | If open or depressed
🗑
|
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| What are the effects of L3-L4 disc herniation? | show 🗑
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| show | L5 root compression - foot drop, possible big toe hyperesthesia
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| What are the effects of L5-S1 disc herniation? | show 🗑
|
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| show | lateral blow to knee - injury to ACL, MCL, medial meniscus
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| What does the medial nerve do? | show 🗑
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| show | intrinsic musculature of hand, finger abduction, wrist flexion, sensation to 2 1/2 fingers/back of hand
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| What does the radial nerve do? | show 🗑
|
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| show | early mobilization
decreased fat embolization
🗑
|
||||
| show | fracture that involves the epiphyseal plate or growth plate of a bone
Types III, IV, V are intra-articular and thus need open repair
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|
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| show | Posterior (90%) - internal rotation, flexed, abducted thigh
Anterior - frog leg (external rotation, abduction)
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|
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| What three fractures are prone to compartment syndrome? | show 🗑
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| What is treatment of knee dislocation? | show 🗑
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| show | axillary nerve in anterior dislocation (90% of dislocations)
🗑
|
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| What is a Volkmann's contracture? What is the treatment? | show 🗑
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| show | Navicular fracture - even with negative XR, requires cast up to elbow
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| show | Progressive proliferative of palmar fascia causing flexion contracture of fingers of hand, unknown exact cause (trauma, DM, EtOH, epilepsy)
Treatment with steroids, physical therapy, but may need fasciotomy
🗑
|
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| What is a Monteggia fracture? What is the treatment? | show 🗑
|
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| What is a sunburst pattern on x-ray suggest? | show 🗑
|
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| What does "onion layering" on x-ray suggest? | show 🗑
|
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| show | Ewing sarcoma
🗑
|
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| What are the signs of annular pancreas? Treatment? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What is effective pain relief for non-resectable pancreatic CA? | show 🗑
|
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| What is treatment of pancreatic pseudocyst? | show 🗑
|
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| show | Whipple's triad (symptoms of hypoglycemia, glucose <45, improvement with glucose)
Insulin to glucose ratio >0.4
Increased C-peptide
Rx = enucleation (though 90% are benign)
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|
||||
| What are the boundaries of the gastrinoma triangle? | show 🗑
|
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| What are the signs of gastrinoma? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Secretin stimulation test - normal patients will decrease gastrin
Though a serum gastrin level >1000 is virtually diagnostic
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|
||||
| show | gallstones
steatorrhea
pancreatitis
diabetes
🗑
|
||||
| show | diabetes
glossitis
stomatitis
necrolytic migratory erythema (presenting problem in 70%)
Rx = streptozocin/doxorubican (selectively destroy alpha cells) and octreotide (inhibits release)
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|
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| What are the symptoms of VIP-oma? | show 🗑
|
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| show | Must excise, leaving cyst increases cancer, pancreatitis, and cholangitis risks
Transplant if type IV or V
🗑
|
||||
| What are the types of choledochal cysts? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What is pulmonary sequestration? Treatment? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What is the #1 presentation of pulmonary sequestration? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What is the cause of respiratory distress at birth, and massive hyperinflation of a single lobe of the lung? What is the treatment? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | hepatomegaly
🗑
|
||||
| What is the treatment for a strawberry hemangioma | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | leukemia
🗑
|
||||
| What gene is neuroblastoma associated with? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | VMA - Vanillyl mandelic acid
HVA - homovanillic acid
🗑
|
||||
| show | Kasi procedure - hepatoportoenterostomy - before age 3 months
🗑
|
||||
| What is the #1 cause of painless GIB in children? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What is the embryologic origin of a Meckel's diverticulum? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What is the treatment of intussusception in children? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Intra-uterine vascular events
Mother may have polyhydramnios
🗑
|
||||
| What is the surgical treatment for malrotation? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What is a cystic hygroma? What is the most common location? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Sistrunk procedure - en bloc excision of cyst (midline) with hyoid bone (there is a risk of malignant degeneration of thyroid tissue in cyst)
🗑
|
||||
| show | infection
🗑
|
||||
| show | nephrectomy (80% cure)
🗑
|
||||
| show | Type C - blind esophagus, distal TE fistula. Spit up feeds, NGT won't pass
🗑
|
||||
| What other abnormalities can a patient with a tracheoesophageal fistula have? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Hirschsprung disease - no BM in first 24 hrs, diagnose with rectal bx
🗑
|
||||
| show | Gastrograffin enema - diagnostic and therapeutic
🗑
|
||||
| How does necrotizing enterocolitis in a newborn present? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What is the treatment for imperforate anus? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What are the characteristics of gastroschisis? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What are the characteristics of omphalocele? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What converts norepinephrine to epinephrine? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What are the common characteristics of a pheochromocytoma? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What is the most common extra-adrenal location for a pheochromocytoma? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | alpha-blockers first, then beta-blockers if tachycardic
🗑
|
||||
| show | screen with urine metanephrines, VMA; MIBG can localize
🗑
|
||||
| show | rapid enlargement of a pituitary adenoma that occurs after bilateral adrenalectomy (10%) - incr ACTH, muscle weakness, pigmentation, vision changes
🗑
|
||||
| show | adrenal hemorrhage a/w meningococcal sepsis
🗑
|
||||
| What is Conn's syndrome? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What is Addison's disease? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | 21-hydroxylase deficiency
🗑
|
||||
| What is Cushing's disease? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | iatrogenic
🗑
|
||||
| show | hormone disorder with high levels of cortisol - symptoms include characteristic weight gain (truncal obesity, moon face, buffalo hump), purple striae, hirsutism, polyuria, htn, insulin intolerance
🗑
|
||||
| How do you determine the type of Cushing syndrome? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | GH, ACTH, TSH, LH, FSH, Prolactin
🗑
|
||||
| show | ADH, Oxytocin
🗑
|
||||
| show | Bitemporal hemianopsia - vision missing in outer half of both right and left visual fields
🗑
|
||||
| What is the #1 pituitary adenoma? What are the symptoms? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | postpartum lack of lactation and persistent amenorrhea caused by necrosis of pituitary from blood loss during/after childbirth
🗑
|
||||
| show | Bromocriptine or transphenoidal resection
🗑
|
||||
| What is the pathophysiology of hidradenitis? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Imbibition, inosculation, revascularization
🗑
|
||||
| show | venous thrombosis
🗑
|
||||
| What type of cancer demonstrates "peripheral palisading" of nuclei and "retraction artifact" | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Skin > eyes > rectum
#1 skin site for men = back, women = legs
Worse prognosis on "BANS" - back arms, neck, scalp
🗑
|
||||
| show | keloid
🗑
|
||||
| show | failure of collagen breakdown and increased collagen production
🗑
|
||||
| show | superficial spreading (most common), nodular, lentigo maligna, acral lentiginous
🗑
|
||||
| show | <0.75 mm (90% cure)
0.75-1.5mm
1.5-4mm
>4mm (80% distant mets)
🗑
|
||||
| What type of melanoma has the best prognosis? worst prognosis? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | in situ = 0.5-1 cm margin
<1mm depth = 1 cm margin
1-2mm depth = 1-2 cm margin (with SNL)
>2mm depth = 2 cm margin
🗑
|
||||
| What is MALT a precursor to? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Type I - lesser curve/body Type II - 2 ulcers (lesser curve and duodenum) Type III - prepyloric (w/i 3 cm) Type IV - high lesser curve/proximal Type V - anywhere a/w NSAIDS
🗑
|
||||
| What is the association between gastric ulcers and blood type? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What margins are necessary for gastric cancer resection? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What are the effects of a terminal ileum resection? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What are the symptoms of carcinoid syndrome? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What is the test for carcinoid syndrome? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What factors prevent a fistula from healing? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What chemotherapy agents are used for carcinoid tumors? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What is the surgical treatment for a crohn's patient with multiple strictures? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What % of patients with carcinoid tumors get carcinoid syndrome? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | parafollicular C cells - derived from neural crest cells
🗑
|
||||
| What is the effect of propylthiouracil (PTU)? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What are side effects of PTU? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What drugs peripherally block conversion of T4 to T3? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What is the Wolk Chaikoff effect? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What is the main limitation of FNA in a solitary thyroid nodule? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What do Psammoma bodies bodies on the pathology of an FNA of a thyroid suggest? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Papillary
🗑
|
||||
| show | 20% of adults, 80% of children
🗑
|
||||
| What is the population distribution of papillary thyroid cancer? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Medullary thyroid cancer
🗑
|
||||
| What gene is associated with medullary thyroid cancer? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What % of patients with medullary thyroid cancer have MEN2? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What is the first step in work-up of thyroid nodule after H&P? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What are the limitations of treatment of thyroid cancer during pregnancy? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What does the superior laryngeal nerve innervate? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What does the recurrent laryngeal nerve innervate? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Superior from 4th pharngeal pouch, inferior from 3rd; both receive blood supply from inferior thyroid artery
🗑
|
||||
| show | Elevated calcium, low phosphate
🗑
|
||||
| What disease is associated with osteitis fibrosa cystica? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | 85%
🗑
|
||||
| show | Wermer's syndrome - parathyroid, pancreas, pituitary (prolactinoma most common)
🗑
|
||||
| show | Sipple syndrome - Parathyroid, adrenal (pheochromocytoma), and thyroid
🗑
|
||||
| show | Thyroid, adrenal, mucosal neuromas/marfan
🗑
|
||||
| What type of cell mediates graft vs host disease? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What causes hyperacute rejection? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What test can identify patients who will develop hyperacute rejection? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Foreign MHC antigens of graft cells
🗑
|
||||
| During what timeframe is acute rejection at highest risk to occur? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What is the mechanism of chronic rejection? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What is the mechanism of acute rejection? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Viral > bacterial because immunosuppression is largely cellular and not humoral
🗑
|
||||
| What is the #1 viral infection post transplant? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | 6MP derivative, purine analog that acts as an antimetabolite, decreases DNA synthesis
🗑
|
||||
| show | Calcineurin inhibitor - inhibits mRNA encoding of IL-2
🗑
|
||||
| What is the mechanism of mycophenolate (cellcept)? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Calcineurin inhibitor - blocks IL-2 expressions/production from T cells - more potent than cyclosporine
🗑
|
||||
| show | blocks IL-1 from macrophages
🗑
|
||||
| What is the mechanism of sirolimus (Rapamune)? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What is the most common cause of biliary complications post liver transplant? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | ATN
🗑
|
||||
| What are the zones of the neck? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What is a positive DPL? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What are the indications for thoracotomy after chest tube placement? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What is the cause of petechiae, hypoxia, and confusion/agitation after a femur fracture? How is the diagnosis made? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What are traumatic diaphragm injuries usually located? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | decreased tuftsin, properidin, and fibronectin (non-specific opsonins), decreased IgM production - susceptible to encapsulated organisms
🗑
|
||||
| What % of patients does splenectomy improve: hereditary spherocytosis? ITP? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What is the treatment for TTP? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What are the physiological effects of ARDS? | show 🗑
|
||||
| How does aging affect PFTs? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What equation describes oxygen delivery? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | CO x (CaO2 - CvO2)
🗑
|
||||
| show | Increased FRC, increased compliance
🗑
|
||||
| show | air in lungs after normal exhalation
🗑
|
||||
| What is inspiratory capacity? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What is vital capacity? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What causes an increase in oxygen dissociation from hemoglobin ("right shift")? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What is the treatment of carbon monoxide poisoning? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What are the characteristics of silvadene? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | painful, can cause acidosis due to carbonic anhydrase inhibition
🗑
|
||||
| show | Can cause hyponatremia and hypochloremia due to leeching of NaCl
🗑
|
||||
| What is the #1 infection in burn patients? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What is a Marjolin's ulcer? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | vasodilation via cGMP, increased in sepsis; nitric oxide is most common example
🗑
|
||||
| show | AFP and B-HCG
🗑
|
||||
| show | Orchiectomy via inguinal incision. Never trans-scrotal
🗑
|
||||
| show | All stages - very radiosensitive
Node + get platinum-based chemo
🗑
|
||||
| show | increased testicular cancer, orchiopexy can increase fertility but not decrease cancer risk
🗑
|
||||
| show | Bilateral orchiopexy
🗑
|
||||
| show | retrograde urethrogram (RUG), do not place foley - needs suprapubic catheter
🗑
|
||||
| show | Extraperitonal - a/w pelvic fx, foley only for drainage
Intraperitoneal - no pelvic fx, usually dome rupture - laparotomy with multi-layer closure and foley
🗑
|
||||
| What are the most common type of kidney stones? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | struvite stones, "staghorn" - proteus produces urease
🗑
|
||||
| What is the classic triad of renal cell carcinoma? | show 🗑
|
||||
| Where is erythropoetin made? What stimulates its production? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Increased erythropoetin - erythrocytosis
🗑
|
||||
| show | popliteal
🗑
|
||||
| What are popliteal aneurysms associated with? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | If >2 cm, child bearing age, planning pregnancy, or symptomatic then resect, otherwise can just monitor
🗑
|
||||
| Bloody diarrhea POD#2 after AAA repair - what is the next step? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | smoking cessation, excercise, trental - not surgery
🗑
|
||||
| What is the #1 CN injury during CEA? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What are the long-term effects of PID? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | colon or stomach CA met to ovary - see signet cells on path
🗑
|
||||
| show | pelvic tumor -> ascites, hydrothorax
🗑
|
||||
| Rectal bleeding, irregular menses, pelvic pain, and bluish mass on proctoscopy in a female - what is the diagnosis? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What is the treatment of endometriosis? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | I - limited to ovary
II - in pelvis
III - throughout abdomen
IV - distant mets
🗑
|
||||
| What is a Howship Romberg sign? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What does the ileoinguinal nerve innervate? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What does the genitofemoral nerve innervate? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What is a spigelian hernia? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Hernia through lumbar triangle (iliac crest, ext oblique, latissimus dorsi)
🗑
|
||||
| show | Medial pectoral nerve to pec major and minor; lateral pectoral nerve to pec major only
🗑
|
||||
| show | Atypical ductal or lobular hyperplasia
🗑
|
||||
| show | 0.6L; 1L; 2L
🗑
|
||||
| What ABG values increase the risk of a lung resection? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Levator ani
🗑
|
||||
| What is primary, secondary, and tertiary peristalsis? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What is the most common site of esophageal perforation? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What is Mirizzi syndrome? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What is the normal half-life of: RBCs? PMNs? platelets? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What is the mechanism and effect of Amrinone? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What is a side effect of carbapenems? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Reversible nephrotoxicity, irreversible ototoxicity
🗑
|
||||
| What is the mechanism of rifampin? | show 🗑
|
||||
| Which antibiotic can affect platelets? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What triggers renin release? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What is the mechanism of malignant hyperthermia? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | binds to and inhibits thrombin; inhibits factors IX, X, XI. Heparin binds this
🗑
|
||||
| show | N balance = N in - N out = Protein/6.25 - (24 hr urine N + 4g)
🗑
|
||||
| show | IL-2
🗑
|
||||
| What is the mechanism of metronidazole? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | increases cardiac work, O2 use, secretions, and BP; no respiratory distress; hallucinations possible
🗑
|
||||
| What are side effects of vancomycin? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Disulfiram-like reaction, peripheral neuropathy
🗑
|
||||
| show | FeNa <1, Urine Na <20, BUN/Cr >30
🗑
|
||||
| show | inhibits acid secretion, "ileal break"; released from terminal ileum
🗑
|
||||
| How does prostate surgery affect clotting? | show 🗑
|
||||
| How do sequential compression devices work? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | renal and liver toxicity
🗑
|
||||
| show | clavicle, 5th metatarsal fracture
🗑
|
||||
| show | MEPP: MRSA, enterococcus, proteus, pseudomonas
🗑
|
||||
| What are indications for radiation to an extremity sarcoma? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What genes are associated with breast cancer? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What is the mechanism of ulcer formation with chronic NSAID use? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What are the types of wounds and their respective wound infection rates? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Lower > Upper; Upper - Kaposi sarcoma, lymphoma; Lower - CMV, bacterial, HSV
🗑
|
||||
| show | Most aggressive subtype of DCIS, has necrotic areas, high risk of microinvasion and recurrence; Rx - mastectomy
🗑
|
||||
| show | Scaly skin lesion on nipple, suggesting underlying DCIS or ductal CA; Rx - MRM if cancer present, simple mastectomy if not
🗑
|
||||
| show | >1 cm tumor or positive nodes (except postmenopausal women with positive estrogen receptors -> tamoxifen)
🗑
|
||||
| show | T8 - vena cava; T10 - esophagus + vagus; T12 - aorta + thoracic duct
🗑
|
||||
| show | All require resection, 50% are malignant
🗑
|
||||
| What do you suspect with a pansystolic murmur 2-7 days after an MI? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Enters chest on right with aorta at T12, crosses to left at T4, then joins left subclavian at junction with IJV
🗑
|
||||
| What are the types and treatment of aortic dissections? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Ventricular septal defect
🗑
|
||||
| Which hormones are involved in paraneoplastic syndromes of: squamous cell lung CA? small cell lung CA? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | PTX occurring in temporal relation to menstruation, caused by endometrial implants in visceral lung pleura
🗑
|
||||
| show | Squamous cell (AKA epidermal, basaloid, cloacogenic, transitional), Adenocarcinoma, and melanoma
🗑
|
||||
| What is the treatment for a low T2 rectal carcinoma? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Painful raised pustules on skin with necrotic center which progress to spreading ulceration - a/w IBD; Rx - local wound care, steroids, dapsone
🗑
|
||||
| Which extraintestinal manisfestations of UC do not improve after colectomy? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What does manometry showing normal LES tone but strong unorganized contractions suggest? What is the treatment? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What does manometry showing increased LES pressure, incomplete relaxation, and no peristalsis suggest? What is the treatment? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What is the most commonly injured nerve with parotid surgery? | show 🗑
|
||||
| How does clopidogrel (Plavix) affect platelets? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What is the most common cause of a spontaneous intestinal fistula? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What is the most common site of GI lymphoma? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Segment I - caudate lobe
🗑
|
||||
| What is the initial treatment of GI bleeding in Mallory-Weiss syndrome? | show 🗑
|
||||
| For what condition is the risk of overwhelming postsplenectomy sepsis highest? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | malignancy
🗑
|
||||
| show | sepsis
🗑
|
||||
| What vitamin deficiency causes dermatitis, diarrhea and dementia? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What can enhance immune function in critical illness? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What is an effect of stored blood? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Antiplatelet IgG originating in the spleen
🗑
|
||||
| What hematologic disease has the highest morbidity after splenectomy? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Essential fatty acid deficiency
🗑
|
||||
| show | Hypotension
🗑
|
||||
| What is the optimal treatment for bleeding gastric varices in chronic pancreatitis? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | >1 = lipogenesis (overfeeding); <0.7 = ketosis and fat oxidation (starving)
🗑
|
||||
| show | increased hyaluronic acid synthesis
🗑
|
||||
| What is the most common cause of hypercalcemia in breast cancer? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Foot drop = deep peroneal nerve
Foot eversion = superficial peroneal nerve
🗑
|
||||
| show | congenital torticollis
Treatment = physical therapy, rarely surgical resection of muscle
🗑
|
||||
| show 🗑
|
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