Absite killer plus
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
Help!
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| What is the source of fever in atelectasis? | show 🗑
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| show | Increase in end-tidal CO2
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| What is the treatment for malignant hyperthermia | show 🗑
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| What is the first muscle to recover from paralytics? | show 🗑
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| show | HMG coA Reductase
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| show | lung
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| show | Vasoconstriction
Increases aldosterone (keeps Na, loses K/H in urine)
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| Describe the anatomy of the vagus innervation of the stomach | show 🗑
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| Which cells produce pepsinogen? | show 🗑
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| Which cells produce intrinsic factor? | show 🗑
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| show | Acetylcholine, gastrin, and histamine
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| What is the mechanism of omeprazole? | show 🗑
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| What is the most common symptom post-vagotomy? | show 🗑
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| What is the cause of early (15-30 min) dumping syndrome? | show 🗑
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| What is the cause of late (2-3 hrs) dumping syndrome? | show 🗑
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| show | 1) contract gallbladder
2) Relax Sphincter of Oddi
3) Increase pancreatic enzyme secretion
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| What is the primary stimulus of pancreatic bicarb secretion? | show 🗑
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| show | Flow rate: high flow = high bicarb, low Cl. Slow flow allows more HCO3/Cl exchange
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| Describe the phases of the migratory motor complex | show 🗑
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| What is the key stimulatory hormone of the MMC? | show 🗑
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| show | Erythromycin
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| show | Protein C degrades active V and VIII. Protein S helps protein C
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| What is the only clotting factor not made in the liver? | show 🗑
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| What is the difference between the three types of Von Willebrand's Disease? | show 🗑
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| show | Von Willebrand's Disease (autosomal dominant)
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| What is the pathophysiology of Glanzman's thombasthenia? | show 🗑
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| What is the pathophysiology of Bernard Soulier syndrome? | show 🗑
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| What test confirms the presence of von Willebrand Disease? | show 🗑
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| show | DDAVP
Factor VIII
cryoprecipitate
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| show | Ice, ROM therapy, Factor replacement
Do not aspirate
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| What are the most common inherited thombophilias? | show 🗑
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| show | Aminocaproic acid (Amikar) - inhibits fibrinolysis
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| show | Decreased platelet aggregation, vasodilatation, bronchial relaxation
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| show | Increased platelet aggregation, vasoconstriction, bronchial constriction
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| What stimulates B cells to become plasma cells? | show 🗑
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| show | C3a, C5a
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| show | C5-9
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| What cells are responsible for immunosurveillance against CA? | show 🗑
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| show | Basophils
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| What is the source of histamine in tissue? | show 🗑
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| What is endotoxin? Where does it come from? | show 🗑
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| show | >77% - sepsis or cyandide poisoning
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| show | <66% - decreased CO
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| show | sub-diaphragmatic
sub-hepatic
inter-loop
pelvic
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| show | B-strep
Clostridial (GPR)
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| show | Inhibits cell wall synthesis
Altered cell wall (unable to bind)
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| show | DNA gyrase inhibition
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| show | binds sterols to alter fungal cell wall
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| What antibiotic prolongs neuromuscular blockade? | show 🗑
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| What are the risks of a blood transfusion? | show 🗑
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| What are the vitamin K dependent factors? | show 🗑
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| Which antibiotics are bacteriocidal, with irreversible binding to 30S ribosome subunit, and resistance due to decreased active transport? | show 🗑
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| What is the only depolarizing neuromuscular blocker used? | show 🗑
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| What is an adverse effect of succinylcholine in burn patients? | show 🗑
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| What are the effects of reglan (metoclopramide)? | show 🗑
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| What is the mechanism of digoxin? | show 🗑
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| show | Slows AV conduction, inotrope but does not increase O2 consumption
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| show | Vasopressin: reduces splanchnic blood floow, portal flow ~40%. Give with B-blocker to avoid angina
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| show | Saliva (20 meq) > gastric (10 meq) > pancreatic/duodenal (5 meq)
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| What is the water distribution in a average person? | show 🗑
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| show | Vitamin A
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| show | Protein: 4 kcal/g
Fat: 9 kcal/g
Carbs: 3.4 kcal/g
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| show | Vit D made in skin, to liver for (25-OH, calcidiol), then to kidney for (1-OH, calcitriol), then active
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| show | Ratio of CO2 produced to O2 consumed
0.7 = fat used
1.0 = carb used
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| What is the preferred fuel of the colon? | show 🗑
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| Describe fat digestion | show 🗑
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| What is the preferred fuel of the small bowel? | show 🗑
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| What is the #1 amino acid in the blood stream? | show 🗑
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| show | Glutamine goes to kidney to form ammonium to help acidosis
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| show | Chromium
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| What vitamin deficiency causes perioral rash, hair loss, poor healing, and change in taste? | show 🗑
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| show | Phosphate (needed for ATP)
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| show | Copper
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| show | glucose to lactate, to the liver, to glucose
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| During starvation, what does the brain use for fuel? | show 🗑
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| show | Normal saline: 154 meq Na and Cl
LR: Na 130, K 4, Ca 2.7, Cl 109, bicarb 28
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| show | Hypocalcemia and hypomagnesemia
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| How does magnesium affect calcium? | show 🗑
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| What are the phases of the cell cycle? | show 🗑
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| What phase of the cell cycle is most sensitive to radiation therapy? | show 🗑
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| show | Excisional if < 4cm, otherwise longitudinal incision (less lymphatic disruption, easier to excise scar if biopsy positive)
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| What is a complication of bleomycin and busulfan? | show 🗑
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| show | DVT and Endometrial cancer
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| Ret proto-oncogene is diagnostic for what? What is the treatment? | show 🗑
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| show | Neurotoxicity
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| show | Myofibroblasts
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| show | Myofibroblasts
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| What is the principal collagen late in scar? | show 🗑
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| What is the principal collagen in a healing wound? | show 🗑
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| What type of collage is low in Ehler-Danlos? | show 🗑
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| show | Begins day 3, max at day 21, then constant amount but more crosslinking, strength
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| What is the order of cells to a healing wound? | show 🗑
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| show | stimulates fibroblasts and chemotactic for neutrophils (too much/too long can cause fibrosis)
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| What is the effect of PDGF? | show 🗑
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| What is the main source of TNF? | show 🗑
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| show | neutrophils
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| How does TNF cause wasting/cachexia in cancer patients? | show 🗑
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| What is batson's plexus, and what is it's significance? | show 🗑
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| show | Amastia, hypoplastic shoulder, no pectoralis
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| What is Mondor's disease? What is the treatment? | show 🗑
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| Describe the "T" staging of breast cancer | show 🗑
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| Describe the "N" staging of breast cancer | show 🗑
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| show | Stage I = T1 Stage IIA = T1N1 or T2N0; IIB = T2N1, T3N0 Stage IIIA = T1-3 and N2, or T3N1; IIIB = T4N0-2; IIIC = Any T N3
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| How does hormone receptor status in breast cancer affect prognosis? | show 🗑
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| What % of DCIS develop invasive cancer? | show 🗑
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| What % of LCIS develop invasive cancer? | show 🗑
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| What is the difference pathophysiologically in cancer risk between DCIS and LCIS? | show 🗑
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| What % of Phyllodes tumor are malignant? | show 🗑
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| show | Wide local excision, rarely mastectomy. No axillary node dissection necessary (spread is hematogenous, not lymphatic)
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| show | BRCA1 - ovarian CA (50%)
BRCA2 - male breast CA
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| show | >4 nodes
skin or chest wall involvement
+margins
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| show | Prior radiation to breast/chest wall
Radiation therapy during pregnancy
Diffuse suspicious or malignant appearing microcalcifications
Widespread disease not able to be incorporated by local excision
Positive margins
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| What is the #1 cause of blood nipple discharge? | show 🗑
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| What is Stewart-Treves syndrome? | show 🗑
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| show | Type I: functional gas exchange
Type II: produce surfactant (1% of alveoli)
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| What is the association between the thymus and myasthenia gravis? | show 🗑
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| show | hamartoma
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| What are the indications for CABG? | show 🗑
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| What is the treatment for a patent ductus arteriosus | show 🗑
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| What are the effects of IABP? | show 🗑
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| What electrolytes are actively secreted by the colon? | show 🗑
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| show | Superior rectal artery off IMA
Middle off internal iliac
Inferior off internal pudendal (off internal iliac)
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| What are the most common genetic mutations in colon cancer? | show 🗑
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| show | 3 1st generation relatives, over 2 generations, 1 diagnosed before age 50
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| show | colon CA and desmoid tumors
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| show | colon CA and brain tumors
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| Peutz Jeghers | show 🗑
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| What gene is associated with sacroiliitis in IBD? | show 🗑
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| show | posterior midline, 10% are anterior in women
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| show | IBD, TB, or syphilis
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| show | 15-25 mm Hg, 4cm long, 40cm from incisors
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| What is the treatment of diffuse esophageal spasm? | show 🗑
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| What is the pathophysiology of achalasia? | show 🗑
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| show | right gastroepiploic artery
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| show | If symptomatic or >5cm excise by enucleation via thoracotomy (R if middle, L if lower esophagus)
Do not biopsy on EGD
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| show | A potentially weak spot where a pharyngoesophageal diverticulum (Zenker's) is more likely to occur. Posterior triangular area in the pharynx between the inferior constrictor and the cricopharyngeus muscle
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| show | Torus - bony exotosis, midline of palate
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| Which has a greater risk for cancer, leukoplakia or erythroplakia? | show 🗑
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| show | Stage I+II(up to 4cm, no nodes) Rx with single modality (surgery or RT)
Stage III+IV get combined modality
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| What is the treatment for glottic Ca? | show 🗑
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| What is the most common type of lip cancer? | show 🗑
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| show | 50% presesnt late (as neck mass). Drain to posterior neck nodes. A/w EBV
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| What is the treatment of lip cancer? | show 🗑
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| What is Plummer-Vinson syndrome? What type of cancer is increased? | show 🗑
|
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| What are the most common malignant salivary gland tumors? | show 🗑
|
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| show | Pleomorphic adenoma (#1 overall), Warthin tumor
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| What is the treatment for a benign salivary gland tumor? | show 🗑
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| show | Radical neck takes CN XI, SCM, IJ. Modified spares some combination of those structures (CN XI is most morbid)
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| show | Juvenile Nasopharyngeal Angiofibroma - benign but locally agressive vascular tumor of nasal cavity. Embolize (internal maxillary artery), then extirpate
🗑
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| What is a replaced right or left hepatic artery? | show 🗑
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| What are Kupffer cells? | show 🗑
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| show | Portal vein posterior to CBD (on R) and hepatic artery (on L)
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| show | Iatrogenic (lap chole)
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| show | Fever, RUQ pain, jaundice, +/- hypotension, MS changes. Needs immediate IV Abx, IVF, emergent decompressions/drainage of CBD
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| What is the treatment of gallbladder adenocarcinoma? | show 🗑
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| show | UGIB, RUQ pain, and jaundice - caused by fistula between biliary duct and hepatic arterial system
🗑
|
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| show | workup and treatment with arteriogram
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| How does the gallbladder concentrate bile? | show 🗑
|
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| show | Hepatic adenoma is an indication for resection 10% rupture/bleed + malignant potential
🗑
|
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| show | Do nothing unless giant or symptomatic/consumptive
🗑
|
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| What is Kasabach-Merritt syndrome? | show 🗑
|
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| show | metronidazole, not surgical
🗑
|
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| show | Surgical resection with chemotherapy before and after (albendazole or mebendazole)
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|
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| show | Casoni skin test + Indirect hemagglutination
🗑
|
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| What are the main risk factors for hepatocellular carcinoma? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Fibrolamellar
🗑
|
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| What is the difference between these types of peripheral nerve injuries: neuropraxis, axonotmesis, neurotmesis? | show 🗑
|
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| show | Produced when high osmolarity is sensed at supraoptic nucleus of hypothalamus
🗑
|
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| What is Diabetes Insipidus? | show 🗑
|
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| What is SIADH? | show 🗑
|
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| What is the effect of ADH? | show 🗑
|
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| What is cerebral perfusion pressure? | show 🗑
|
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| What is Cushing's triad? | show 🗑
|
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| show | Motor: 6 commands, 5 localizes, 4 withdraw pain, 3 flexion, 2 extension, 1 none
Verbal: 5 oriented, 4 confused, 3 inappropriate, 2 incomprehensible, 1 none
Eyes: 4 spont, 3 command, 2 pain, 1 none
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| What are the signs of spinal shock? | show 🗑
|
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| What are the deficits in anterior spinal artery syndrome? | show 🗑
|
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| show | Spinal cord hemi-transection
Lose ipsilateral motor, contralateral pain and temperature
🗑
|
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| What is Central Cord Syndrome? | show 🗑
|
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| What are the indications to operate on a skull fracture? | show 🗑
|
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| show | L4 root compresson - quadriceps, week knee jerk
🗑
|
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| What are the effects of L4-L5 disc herniation? | show 🗑
|
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| What are the effects of L5-S1 disc herniation? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What is the terrible triad of O'Donaghue? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What does the medial nerve do? | show 🗑
|
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| What does the ulnar nerve do? | show 🗑
|
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| show | Wrist/finger extension, sensation to back of lateral hand; no motor in hand
🗑
|
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| show | early mobilization
decreased fat embolization
🗑
|
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| What is a Salter-Harris fracture? Which types need open procedures? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What are the signs of hip dislocation? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What three fractures are prone to compartment syndrome? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Most texts say arteriogram all posterior, but at least some vascular assessment (ABI/CT angio/duplex US) is necessary to evaluate popliteal injury even in the presence of normal vascular assessment
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|
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| What nerve is commonly injured in shoulder dislocation? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What is a Volkmann's contracture? What is the treatment? | show 🗑
|
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| What does a tender snuffbox indicate? | show 🗑
|
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| show | Progressive proliferative of palmar fascia causing flexion contracture of fingers of hand, unknown exact cause (trauma, DM, EtOH, epilepsy)
Treatment with steroids, physical therapy, but may need fasciotomy
🗑
|
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| show | proximal ulnar fracture with radial head dislocation
Treat with ORIF
🗑
|
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| What is a sunburst pattern on x-ray suggest? | show 🗑
|
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| What does "onion layering" on x-ray suggest? | show 🗑
|
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| What do pseudorosettes on path suggest? | show 🗑
|
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| What are the signs of annular pancreas? Treatment? | show 🗑
|
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| What is effective pain relief for non-resectable pancreatic CA? | show 🗑
|
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| What is treatment of pancreatic pseudocyst? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What are the signs of an insulinoma? Treatment? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What are the boundaries of the gastrinoma triangle? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Severe ulcer disease, diarrhea (lipase destruction by acid, malabsorption, incr secretion)
🗑
|
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| What test evaluates gastrinoma? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What are the symptoms of a somatostatinoma? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What are the symptoms of a glucagonoma? Treatment? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | WDHA syndrome = watery diarrhea hypokalemia achlorydia
🗑
|
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| show | Must excise, leaving cyst increases cancer, pancreatitis, and cholangitis risks
Transplant if type IV or V
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|
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| show | I - (>90% of cysts) dilatation of CBD (part or whole)
II - diverticulum
III - choledochocele involving sphincter
IV - intra and extrahepatic cysts (Caroli's disease)
V - intrahepatic cysts
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|
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| show | mass of non-functioning primitive tissue in the lung
Extralobar - systemic artery and vein - resection not necessary
Intralobar (75%) - aorta in and pulmonary vein out - lobectomy for recurrent infections
🗑
|
||||
| What is the #1 presentation of pulmonary sequestration? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Congenital lobar emphysema
Rx: lobectomy, excellent prognosis
🗑
|
||||
| What is the first sign of CHF in children? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What is the treatment for a strawberry hemangioma | show 🗑
|
||||
| What is the #1 pediatric malignancy overall? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | N-myc
🗑
|
||||
| What is elevated in neuroblastoma? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Kasi procedure - hepatoportoenterostomy - before age 3 months
🗑
|
||||
| show | Meckel's diverticulum
🗑
|
||||
| What is the embryologic origin of a Meckel's diverticulum? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | air/contrast enema (max 120mm Hg)
IV glucagon can help (relaxes smooth muscle)
OR if free air/peritonitis
🗑
|
||||
| What is the cause of intestinal atresia? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What is the surgical treatment for malrotation? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | lymphangioma - left posterior triangle of neck
🗑
|
||||
| What is the treatment for a thyroglossal duct cyst? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What is the #1 complication of cystic hygroma? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What is the treatment for a Wilm's tumor? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What is the most common type of tracheo-esophageal fistula? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What other abnormalities can a patient with a tracheoesophageal fistula have? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Hirschsprung disease - no BM in first 24 hrs, diagnose with rectal bx
🗑
|
||||
| What is the treatment for a meconium ileus? | show 🗑
|
||||
| How does necrotizing enterocolitis in a newborn present? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What is the treatment for imperforate anus? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What are the characteristics of gastroschisis? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | midline defect, may contain liver or other non-bowel contents, frequent anomalies, has peritoneal sac.
🗑
|
||||
| show | PNMT - Phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase
🗑
|
||||
| show | 10% are: malignant, bilateral, in children, part of MEN, extra-adrenal
🗑
|
||||
| What is the most common extra-adrenal location for a pheochromocytoma? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | alpha-blockers first, then beta-blockers if tachycardic
🗑
|
||||
| How is the diagnosis of pheochromocytoma made? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | rapid enlargement of a pituitary adenoma that occurs after bilateral adrenalectomy (10%) - incr ACTH, muscle weakness, pigmentation, vision changes
🗑
|
||||
| show | adrenal hemorrhage a/w meningococcal sepsis
🗑
|
||||
| show | hyperaldosteronism = 80% adenoma, 20% bilateral hyperplasia - HTN, low K, high Na
🗑
|
||||
| What is Addison's disease? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | 21-hydroxylase deficiency
🗑
|
||||
| show | Excessive secretion of ACTH from the anterior pituitary, usually from a pituitary adenoma. Causes 70% of non-iatrogenic Cushing's syndrome.
🗑
|
||||
| show | iatrogenic
🗑
|
||||
| What is Cushing's syndrome? | show 🗑
|
||||
| How do you determine the type of Cushing syndrome? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | GH, ACTH, TSH, LH, FSH, Prolactin
🗑
|
||||
| show | ADH, Oxytocin
🗑
|
||||
| show | Bitemporal hemianopsia - vision missing in outer half of both right and left visual fields
🗑
|
||||
| show | Prolactinoma - galactorrhea, irregular menses
🗑
|
||||
| What is Sheehan syndrome? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Bromocriptine or transphenoidal resection
🗑
|
||||
| What is the pathophysiology of hidradenitis? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What are the three steps to the healing of a skin graft? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What is the most common cause of flap necrosis? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Basal cell carcinoma
🗑
|
||||
| What are the common sites for melanoma? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | keloid
🗑
|
||||
| show | failure of collagen breakdown and increased collagen production
🗑
|
||||
| What are the four major types of melanoma? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | <0.75 mm (90% cure)
0.75-1.5mm
1.5-4mm
>4mm (80% distant mets)
🗑
|
||||
| show | best = lentigo maligna; worst = nodular
🗑
|
||||
| show | in situ = 0.5-1 cm margin
<1mm depth = 1 cm margin
1-2mm depth = 1-2 cm margin (with SNL)
>2mm depth = 2 cm margin
🗑
|
||||
| show | gastric lymphoma - regresses with H. pylori treatment
🗑
|
||||
| show | Type I - lesser curve/body Type II - 2 ulcers (lesser curve and duodenum) Type III - prepyloric (w/i 3 cm) Type IV - high lesser curve/proximal Type V - anywhere a/w NSAIDS
🗑
|
||||
| What is the association between gastric ulcers and blood type? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | 5-6cm due to intramural microscopic spread and extensive lymphatics around stomach
🗑
|
||||
| What are the effects of a terminal ileum resection? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | flushing, diarrhea, asthma, R sided heart valve dz
🗑
|
||||
| show | urinalysis for 5-HTP (secreted by foregut), 5-HIAA, and serotonin
🗑
|
||||
| What factors prevent a fistula from healing? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Steptozocin, doxorubicin, 5 FU
🗑
|
||||
| What is the surgical treatment for a crohn's patient with multiple strictures? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What % of patients with carcinoid tumors get carcinoid syndrome? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What cells produce calcitonin? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Peripherally and centrally blocks conversion of T4 to T3
🗑
|
||||
| What are side effects of PTU? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What drugs peripherally block conversion of T4 to T3? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Reduction in thyroid hormone levels after a large ingestion of iodine - useful in thyroid storm
🗑
|
||||
| show | Differentiation of benign vs malignant follicular and Hurthle cell neoplasms
🗑
|
||||
| show | Papillary thyroid cancer
🗑
|
||||
| show | Papillary
🗑
|
||||
| show | 20% of adults, 80% of children
🗑
|
||||
| What is the population distribution of papillary thyroid cancer? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What does amyloid on FNA of a thyroid suggest? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | ret proto-oncogene
🗑
|
||||
| show | 20% (tend to be bilateral, younger, worse prognosis)
🗑
|
||||
| show | FNA
🗑
|
||||
| What are the limitations of treatment of thyroid cancer during pregnancy? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What does the superior laryngeal nerve innervate? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | All muscle of larynx except cricothyroid
🗑
|
||||
| What is the embryologic origin of the parathyroids? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Elevated calcium, low phosphate
🗑
|
||||
| What disease is associated with osteitis fibrosa cystica? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What % of patients with hyperparathyroidism have a single gland adenoma? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Wermer's syndrome - parathyroid, pancreas, pituitary (prolactinoma most common)
🗑
|
||||
| What is MEN IIa? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Thyroid, adrenal, mucosal neuromas/marfan
🗑
|
||||
| show | T cells
🗑
|
||||
| What causes hyperacute rejection? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What test can identify patients who will develop hyperacute rejection? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Foreign MHC antigens of graft cells
🗑
|
||||
| During what timeframe is acute rejection at highest risk to occur? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Fibrosis of blood vessels of transplanted tissue - loss of blood supply
🗑
|
||||
| What is the mechanism of acute rejection? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Viral > bacterial because immunosuppression is largely cellular and not humoral
🗑
|
||||
| show | CMV
🗑
|
||||
| What is the mechanism of azathioprine (Imuran)? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What is the mechanism of cyclosporine? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What is the mechanism of mycophenolate (cellcept)? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Calcineurin inhibitor - blocks IL-2 expressions/production from T cells - more potent than cyclosporine
🗑
|
||||
| What is the mechanism of immunosuppression of prednisone? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | mTOR inhibitor - inhibits the response of IL-2 thereby blocking the activation of T and B cells
🗑
|
||||
| What is the most common cause of biliary complications post liver transplant? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | ATN
🗑
|
||||
| show | I - cricoid to sternum (thoracic inlet)
II - angle of mandible to cricoid
III - base of skull to angle of mandible
🗑
|
||||
| What is a positive DPL? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | >1500 cc blood out initially or >200 cc/hr x3 hours
🗑
|
||||
| What is the cause of petechiae, hypoxia, and confusion/agitation after a femur fracture? How is the diagnosis made? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | 8:1 on the left
🗑
|
||||
| What are the effects of splenectomy on the immune system? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | 100% spherocytosis
80% ITP
🗑
|
||||
| show | plasmapheresis, not splenectomy
🗑
|
||||
| What are the physiological effects of ARDS? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | reduces FEV1 and FRC
🗑
|
||||
| What equation describes oxygen delivery? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What equation describes oxygen use? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Increased FRC, increased compliance
🗑
|
||||
| What is functional residual capacity (FRC)? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | maximum amount of air able to be inhaled (TV + inspiratory reserve volume IRV)
🗑
|
||||
| What is vital capacity? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What causes an increase in oxygen dissociation from hemoglobin ("right shift")? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | 100% O2 - reduces CO half-life from 5 hrs to 1 hr
🗑
|
||||
| What are the characteristics of silvadene? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What are the characteristics of mafenide acetate (sulfamylon)? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What are the characteristics of silver nitrate? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | pneumonia
🗑
|
||||
| show | SCCA that develops in a chronic burn wound
🗑
|
||||
| What is the effect of EDRF (endothelium derived relaxing factor) | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | AFP and B-HCG
🗑
|
||||
| What is the surgical approach to biopsy a testicular mass? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | All stages - very radiosensitive
Node + get platinum-based chemo
🗑
|
||||
| What are the long term effects of cryptorchidism? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What is the treatment of testicular torsion? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | retrograde urethrogram (RUG), do not place foley - needs suprapubic catheter
🗑
|
||||
| show | Extraperitonal - a/w pelvic fx, foley only for drainage
Intraperitoneal - no pelvic fx, usually dome rupture - laparotomy with multi-layer closure and foley
🗑
|
||||
| show | oxalate - especially after small bowel resection
🗑
|
||||
| show | struvite stones, "staghorn" - proteus produces urease
🗑
|
||||
| show | abd pain (capsule stretching), mass, hematuria
🗑
|
||||
| Where is erythropoetin made? What stimulates its production? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Increased erythropoetin - erythrocytosis
🗑
|
||||
| show | popliteal
🗑
|
||||
| What are popliteal aneurysms associated with? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | If >2 cm, child bearing age, planning pregnancy, or symptomatic then resect, otherwise can just monitor
🗑
|
||||
| Bloody diarrhea POD#2 after AAA repair - what is the next step? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | smoking cessation, excercise, trental - not surgery
🗑
|
||||
| What is the #1 CN injury during CEA? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Increased risk of infertility and ectopic pregnancy
🗑
|
||||
| What is a Krukenberg tumor? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | pelvic tumor -> ascites, hydrothorax
🗑
|
||||
| Rectal bleeding, irregular menses, pelvic pain, and bluish mass on proctoscopy in a female - what is the diagnosis? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What is the treatment of endometriosis? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What is the staging of ovarian cancer? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What is a Howship Romberg sign? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What does the ileoinguinal nerve innervate? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What does the genitofemoral nerve innervate? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Hernia inferior to linea semicircularis through linea semilunaris - deep to ext oblique
🗑
|
||||
| show | Hernia through lumbar triangle (iliac crest, ext oblique, latissimus dorsi)
🗑
|
||||
| Describe the innervation to the pectoralis muscles | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Atypical ductal or lobular hyperplasia
🗑
|
||||
| show | 0.6L; 1L; 2L
🗑
|
||||
| show | pCO2 >45 or pO2 <50 at rest
🗑
|
||||
| What marks the transition between the anal canal and the rectum? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What is primary, secondary, and tertiary peristalsis? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What is the most common site of esophageal perforation? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Compression and/or inflammation of common hepatic duct by a stone in the infundibulum of the gallbladder causing stricture and hepatic duct obstruction
🗑
|
||||
| show | RBC - 120 days; PMNs - 1-2 days; platelets - 7 days
🗑
|
||||
| show | Phosphodiesterase inhibitor - inotrope, increases CO and decreases SVR
🗑
|
||||
| What is a side effect of carbapenems? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Reversible nephrotoxicity, irreversible ototoxicity
🗑
|
||||
| show | RNA polymerase inhibitor
🗑
|
||||
| Which antibiotic can affect platelets? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What triggers renin release? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Ca release from sarcoplasmic reticulum
🗑
|
||||
| What does antithrombin III do? | show 🗑
|
||||
| How do you calculate nitrogen balance? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | IL-2
🗑
|
||||
| What is the mechanism of metronidazole? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What are the effects of ketamine? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Redman syndrome (histamine release), nephrotoxicity, ototoxicity
🗑
|
||||
| What are side effects of metronidazole? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | FeNa <1, Urine Na <20, BUN/Cr >30
🗑
|
||||
| show | inhibits acid secretion, "ileal break"; released from terminal ileum
🗑
|
||||
| show | Can release urokinase -> activates plasminogen -> thrombolysis
🗑
|
||||
| show | Improve venous return and release tPA -> induce fibronolysis
🗑
|
||||
| What are the side effects of halothane? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | clavicle, 5th metatarsal fracture
🗑
|
||||
| Which organisms are carbapenems least effective against? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What are indications for radiation to an extremity sarcoma? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | p53, bcl-2, c-myc, c-myb, her2neu
🗑
|
||||
| show | Inhibits prostaglandin synthesis, causing decreased mucus and bicarb secretion and increased acid production
🗑
|
||||
| show | Clean (hernia) - 2%; Clean-contaminated (prepped colon resection) - 3-5%; Contaminated (GSW to colon with repair) - 5-10%; Gross contamination (abscess) - 30%
🗑
|
||||
| What are common causes of GIB in HIV? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What is Comedo breast cancer? What is the treatment? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What is Paget's disease of the breast? Treatment? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What are the indications for chemotherapy in breast cancer? | show 🗑
|
||||
| Describe the relevant anatomy of the diaphragm | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | All require resection, 50% are malignant
🗑
|
||||
| What do you suspect with a pansystolic murmur 2-7 days after an MI? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Enters chest on right with aorta at T12, crosses to left at T4, then joins left subclavian at junction with IJV
🗑
|
||||
| show | Stanford: A = involves ascending, always needs surgery; B = does not involve ascending, medical management unless persistent pain or end-organ ischemia
🗑
|
||||
| What is the most common congenital heart defect? | show 🗑
|
||||
| Which hormones are involved in paraneoplastic syndromes of: squamous cell lung CA? small cell lung CA? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | PTX occurring in temporal relation to menstruation, caused by endometrial implants in visceral lung pleura
🗑
|
||||
| What are the most common types of anal canal tumors? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What is the treatment for a low T2 rectal carcinoma? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What is pyoderma gangrenosum? What is the treatment? | show 🗑
|
||||
| Which extraintestinal manisfestations of UC do not improve after colectomy? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What does manometry showing normal LES tone but strong unorganized contractions suggest? What is the treatment? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Achalasia; Rx - Ca channel blockers and LES dilation first (60% effective), if fail - Heller myotomy (LES circular muscle transection) + Nissen
🗑
|
||||
| What is the most commonly injured nerve with parotid surgery? | show 🗑
|
||||
| How does clopidogrel (Plavix) affect platelets? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What is the most common cause of a spontaneous intestinal fistula? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What is the most common site of GI lymphoma? | show 🗑
|
||||
| Which segment of the liver drains directly into IVC? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What is the initial treatment of GI bleeding in Mallory-Weiss syndrome? | show 🗑
|
||||
| For what condition is the risk of overwhelming postsplenectomy sepsis highest? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | malignancy
🗑
|
||||
| show | sepsis
🗑
|
||||
| What vitamin deficiency causes dermatitis, diarrhea and dementia? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What can enhance immune function in critical illness? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What is an effect of stored blood? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What is the pathophysiology of ITP? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What hematologic disease has the highest morbidity after splenectomy? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Essential fatty acid deficiency
🗑
|
||||
| What is the most common complication of heparin reversal with protamine? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What is the optimal treatment for bleeding gastric varices in chronic pancreatitis? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What does a RQ >1 indicate? What does a RQ <0.7 indicate? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What is fetal wound healing characterized by? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What is the most common cause of hypercalcemia in breast cancer? | show 🗑
|
||||
| Which nerve injury results in foot drop? Which nerve injury results in decreased foot eversion? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | congenital torticollis
Treatment = physical therapy, rarely surgical resection of muscle
🗑
|
||||
| show 🗑
|
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