Nutrition Test-2
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
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| show | Triglycerides, phospholipids, sterols
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| Define fats | show 🗑
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| Define oils | show 🗑
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| Define Fatty Acid | show 🗑
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| What are triglycerides composed of? | show 🗑
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| How much energy per gram do triglycerides supply? | show 🗑
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| Structure of triglycerides | show 🗑
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| Most common and noteworthy number of carbons in trigylcerides in regards to nutrition | show 🗑
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| show | omega 3 and omega 6
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| Linolenic acid | show 🗑
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| show | Omega 6
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| show | They are building blocks that help regulate the body especially the cardiovascular and nervous system.
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| show | a fatty acid carrying the maximum possible number of hydrogen atoms
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| show | a fat coposed of triglycerides in which most fatty acids are saturated
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| show | location of the double bond(s) in a fatty acid
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| show | a fatty acid that lacks hydrogen atoms and has at least one double bond between carbons
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| show | a fat composed of triglycerides in which the fatty acids are unsaturated
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| Define monounsaturated fatty acids | show 🗑
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| show | composed of triglycerides in which one of the fatty acids are unsaturated
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| Define polyunsaturated fatty acid | show 🗑
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| Define polyunsaturated fat | show 🗑
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| show | a series of condensation reactions combine a hyrdrogen atom from glycerol to a hydroxyl group from a fatty acid. Bi product is water.
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| What influences the firmness of fats at room temperature? | show 🗑
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| If a fat is soft it most likly contains more of what? | show 🗑
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| Best oils to consume | show 🗑
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| show | less stable.
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| show | The destablization of the double bonds in the fat caused by the oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids
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| show | Antioxidants, hydrogenation. sealed air-tight containrs
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| Major downside of hydrogenation | show 🗑
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| Define transfat | show 🗑
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| show | In the body these are more likly to act like saturated fats, dont flow as freely in the blood, cause heart disease
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| Major sources of trans-fatty acid | show 🗑
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| Define Phospholipids | show 🗑
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| What makes phospholipids able to dissolve in both water and fat? | show 🗑
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| show | emuslifiers which mix fat into water such as in candy bars and mayonnaise
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| show | the major food phospholipid found in eggs soybeans wheat germ and peanuts
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| Phospholipids in the body | show 🗑
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| show | no because the liver makes up all the lecithin that a person needs and if eatten it does not reach the liver intact because it is broken down for transport
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| show | a compound composed of carbon hydrogen and oxygen arranged in rings.
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| What is the most common source of cholesterol? | show 🗑
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| show | bile acids, sex hormones, adrenal hormones, vitamin D and cholesterol.
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| show | starting material for other sterols or as cell membrane structural supports
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| show | Forms deposits on the artery walls which leads to hardening of the arteries call atherosclerosis which causes heart disease and strokes.
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| show | to dismantle triglycerides into small molecules that the body can absorb and use.
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| show | molecules of glyceride with one fatty acid attached.
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| show | lingual lipase is secreted by sublingual salivary glands.
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| What kind of lipid digestion occurs in the stomach? | show 🗑
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| Where does most lipid digestion take place? | show 🗑
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| What kind of lipid digestion occurs in the small intestine? | show 🗑
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| Digestion of phospholipids | show 🗑
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| show | absorbed as is unless there are fatty acids attached which are removed first.
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| Where does bile go after fat digestion? | show 🗑
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| show | Glycerol and short to medium fatty acids are diffused directly into the intestinal cell.
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| How are large molecules of lipis absorbed? | show 🗑
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| show | from the lymph into the bloodstream bypassing the liver
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| show | four types of cluster of lipids that associate with proteins that serve as transporters for lipids in the blood and lymph.
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| define chylomicron | show 🗑
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| show | made by liver cells to transport lipids to various tissures in the body. composed of triglycerides
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| define LDL (low density lipoprotein) | show 🗑
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| define HDL (high density lipoprotein) | show 🗑
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| Which lipoprotein is associated with heart disease? | show 🗑
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| show | HDL
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| What are the functions of lipids in the body? | show 🗑
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| show | Provide energy. Is stored energy used during periods of no food. Keeps body warm.
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| show | omega 6 (linoleic) and omega 3 (linolenic) are the only two essential.
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| show | reduce to <30% of energy intake, reduce saturated fat to <10% energy intake, reduce cholesterol intake to less than 300 mg daily.
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| show | Proteins are made of carbon hydrogen oxygen and nitrogen.
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| show | amino acids. This is the nitrogen containing group.
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| show | amino acids have a central carbon atom with a hydrogen and amino group and an acid group.
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| show | The r group- the group attached to the fourth carbon bond
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| What is the simplist amino acid? | show 🗑
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| show | 9
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| show | if the diet fails to produce enough one essential amino acid that is used to create a nonessential amino acid then that amino acid becomes essential
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| show | peptid bonds
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| show | condensation reaction
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| What is a dipeptide? | show 🗑
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| show | three amino acides bonded together
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| what is a polypeptide? | show 🗑
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| show | the shape of the protein
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| show | When proteins lose their shape and therefore their function
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| What are the causes of denaturation? | show 🗑
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| Characteristics of protein digestion | show 🗑
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| Digestion of protien in the stomach | show 🗑
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| show | uncoils (denatures) each proteins tangled strands so that digestive enzymes can attack the peptide bonds.
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| What enzyme does HCL convert? | show 🗑
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| digestion of protein in the small intestine | show 🗑
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| show | for energy or to synthesize needed components
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| Where do amino acids go that are not used by intestinal cells? | show 🗑
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| Roles of proteins in the body | show 🗑
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| What is used to tract protein degradation and excretion? | show 🗑
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| show | the amount of nitrogen consumed as compared with the amount of nitrogen excreted in a given period of time
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| Positve nitrogen balance | show 🗑
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| Negative protein balance | show 🗑
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| What is the protein balance of healthy adults? | show 🗑
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| What happens to protein eaten in excess? | show 🗑
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| How does a cell compensate for missing amino acids? | show 🗑
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| show | lysine, methionine, theronine and tryptophan
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| What is a complete protein? | show 🗑
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| show | the strategy of combining two protein foods in a meal so that each food provides the essential amino acids lacking in the other
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| what is the digestabiliy of animal proteins | show 🗑
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| what is the digestability of plant proteins? | show 🗑
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| what is a reference protein? | show 🗑
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| show | a dificency of protein, energy or both including kwashiorkor, marasmus and the overlap conditions of the two. Usually strikes in early childhood
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| show | frequent nutrient dense energy dense meals and equally important resolution of the underlying causes of PEM-poverty, infection and illness
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| How is animal protein and heart disease reltated? | show 🗑
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| What are some health issue from over consumption of animal protein? | show 🗑
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| What is the RDA for protein for adults? | show 🗑
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| What is the most effective way to build muscles? | show 🗑
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| show | all women of child bearing age, pregnant or lactating women, infants, children and adolescents, elderly people, people with mental disorders, perople with protein disorders and smokers.
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| What do all living things depend on for energy? | show 🗑
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| How are plants responsible for bringing energy into the food chain? | show 🗑
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| show | glucose, fatty acids and amino acids
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| What is metabolism? | show 🗑
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| show | includes all the reactions by which the body obtains and spends energy from food.
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| show | building reactions. uses energy to build molecules.
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| show | the breakdown of body components. realeases energy.
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| show | pairs of reactions which energy released from the breakdown of one compound is used to create a bond in the formation of another compound.
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| What is ATP? | show 🗑
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| show | It is 50% efficent at creating ATP from food and 50% efficent at using the energy in ATP to do work. Therefore, it is 25% efficent at taking food and making work.
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| Where is the most metabolic work done in the body? | show 🗑
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| show | small organic molecules that associate closely with most enzymes but are not proteins themselves. Ex. Most vitamins
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| show | When amino acids are metabolized for energy they must be deaminated first. Often a keto-acid and ammonia.
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| What is transamination? | show 🗑
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| What is urea? | show 🗑
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| show | kidneys filter the blood removing urea then clears it from the body.
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| show | blood ammonia
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| show | blood urea will be high
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| show | Electron carries pass electrons from carrier to carrier along the chain to release energy which is used to pump protons across the membrane.
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| What is the last step of the electron transport chain? | show 🗑
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| How much energy per gram do carbohydrates provide? | show 🗑
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| How much energy per gram do proteins provide? | show 🗑
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| show | because the bonds in fat molecules are easily oxidixed and result in more ATP.
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| show | the result is weight gain regardless if the excess is in CHO, protein or fat. The difference is that the body is much more efficient at storing enery when the excess derives from dietaty fat.
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| show | proteins
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| Symptoms of starvation? | show 🗑
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| show | fatty liver, fibrosis, cirrhosis
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| show | MEOS-microsomal ethano-oxidizing system
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| What is excess energy stored as? | show 🗑
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| show | 3500 kcals
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| What type of weight lose is most likely to be maintained over time? | show 🗑
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| What is the composition of weight gain and loss? | show 🗑
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| How many kcal/g of energy do alcohols provide? | show 🗑
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| show | meet its needs without takin in too much or too little energy
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| show | The physiological drive for food that initiates the food seeking behaviors.
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| What influences hunger? | show 🗑
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| What is appetite? | show 🗑
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| What is satiation? | show 🗑
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| What is satiety? | show 🗑
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| What other signals can cause eating? | show 🗑
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| show | Complex carbs
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| show | Protein
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| show | Fat
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| show | the hypothalamus
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| show | positive energy balance, increases cravings and fat storage
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| show | Basal therm genesis, exercise induced thermo genesis and diet induced thermo genesis
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| What is basal metabolism | show 🗑
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| show | The rate of energy used for metabolism under the conditions; 12 hrs fast, restful sleep, no physical activity, no emotional excitement and in a comfortable setting
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| show | a measure of a person at rest in a comfortable setting but with less stringent criteria for the number of hours of fasting.
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| show | increasing lean tissue on the body
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| show | The amount of energy needed by a person to adapt to a dramatically changed circumstance.
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| What two components determine a persons energy expenditure? | show 🗑
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| What makes up body weight? | show 🗑
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| show | a weight within a suggested range for height, a medical history that reflects an absense of risk factors associated with obesisty, a fat distribution pattern that is associated with a low risk of illness and premature death
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| show | Body mass index. weight/height
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| what is the healthy BMI range? | show 🗑
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