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Nutrition Test-2

Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in each of the black spaces below before clicking on it to display the answer.
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Question
Answer
What are included in the lipid family?   show
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Define fats   show
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Define oils   show
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Define Fatty Acid   show
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show carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.  
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How much energy per gram do triglycerides supply?   show
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show one molecule of glyerol and three fatty acids  
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show 18  
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Two most important 18 carbon polyunsaturated fatty acids   show
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Linolenic acid   show
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Linoleic Acid   show
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show They are building blocks that help regulate the body especially the cardiovascular and nervous system.  
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show a fatty acid carrying the maximum possible number of hydrogen atoms  
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Define saturated fat   show
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Define point of unsaturation   show
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show a fatty acid that lacks hydrogen atoms and has at least one double bond between carbons  
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show a fat composed of triglycerides in which the fatty acids are unsaturated  
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show a fatty acid that has one double bond between two carbons  
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Define monounsaturated fats   show
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show a fatty acid that has two or more double bonds between carbon atoms.  
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Define polyunsaturated fat   show
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How do you form a triglyceride   show
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show the degree of unsaturation  
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If a fat is soft it most likly contains more of what?   show
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Best oils to consume   show
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Double bonds are more or less stable?   show
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show The destablization of the double bonds in the fat caused by the oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids  
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Three ways manufacturers protect against foods becoming rancid   show
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Major downside of hydrogenation   show
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show during the hydrogenation process unsaturated fats can transfer from the cis formation to the trans formation  
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show In the body these are more likly to act like saturated fats, dont flow as freely in the blood, cause heart disease  
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Major sources of trans-fatty acid   show
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show compounds similar to triglycerides but have a phosphate froup and choline in place of one of the three fatty acids.  
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What makes phospholipids able to dissolve in both water and fat?   show
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What does the food industry used phospholipids for?   show
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What is lecithin?   show
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show make up cell membranes because the are bi-polar  
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Does a person need to eat lecithin?   show
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What is a sterol?   show
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What is the most common source of cholesterol?   show
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What are vital sterols in the body?   show
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What is cholesterol used for in the body?   show
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show Forms deposits on the artery walls which leads to hardening of the arteries call atherosclerosis which causes heart disease and strokes.  
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show to dismantle triglycerides into small molecules that the body can absorb and use.  
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define monoglyceride   show
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What kind of lipid digestion occurs in the mouth?   show
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show the acid stable lingual lipase initiates lip digestion by hydrolizing one bond of tryiglycerides into fatty acids and diglycerides. The churning of the stomach mixes fats with water and acid. Gastric lipase is also used.  
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show The small intestine  
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show Fat triggers the release of CCK which signals the gallbladder to release bile. Bile emulsifies fatts into the watery surroundings. Pancreatic lipase removes two of the fatty acids living a monoglyceride.  
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show similar to the digestion of lipids. The phosphate complex is recycled  
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show absorbed as is unless there are fatty acids attached which are removed first.  
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show reabsorbed by the small intestine and recycled or trapped by dietary fiber in the large intestine and carried out with feces.  
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show Glycerol and short to medium fatty acids are diffused directly into the intestinal cell.  
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show monoglycerides and long chain FAs merge into micelles. This allows them to pass into intestinal cells and reassembled into tryglycerides. They are then packed into chylomicrons and released into the lymphatic system.  
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Once in the lymphatic system where do chylomicrons go?   show
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show four types of cluster of lipids that associate with proteins that serve as transporters for lipids in the blood and lymph.  
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show the largest and least dense lipoprotein that transports lipid from the intestine to the rest of the body.  
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define VLDL (very low density lipoprotein)   show
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define LDL (low density lipoprotein)   show
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define HDL (high density lipoprotein)   show
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Which lipoprotein is associated with heart disease?   show
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show HDL  
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What are the functions of lipids in the body?   show
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Role of triglycerides in the body   show
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Essential Fatty Acids   show
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show reduce to <30% of energy intake, reduce saturated fat to <10% energy intake, reduce cholesterol intake to less than 300 mg daily.  
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What is the composition of proteins?   show
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show amino acids. This is the nitrogen containing group.  
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Stucture of amino acids   show
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What distinquishes amino acids from one another?   show
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What is the simplist amino acid?   show
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How many essiential amino acids are there?   show
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When does a nonessential amino acid become essential?   show
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show peptid bonds  
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show condensation reaction  
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show two amino acids bonded together  
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show three amino acides bonded together  
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what is a polypeptide?   show
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What determines a proteins structure?   show
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What is denaturation?   show
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show heat, acid, and other conditions that disturb their stability.  
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show protein from food does not become body protein directly, they become amino acids, enzymes break down long polypeptides into tri and dipeptides and then into AAs  
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Digestion of protien in the stomach   show
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show uncoils (denatures) each proteins tangled strands so that digestive enzymes can attack the peptide bonds.  
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What enzyme does HCL convert?   show
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digestion of protein in the small intestine   show
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What are amino acids used for once inside intestinal cells?   show
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Where do amino acids go that are not used by intestinal cells?   show
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show building materials, enzymes, hormones, regulators, acid-base regulators, transporters, antibodies, energy and glucose.  
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What is used to tract protein degradation and excretion?   show
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What is nitrogen balance?   show
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show found in growing infants, children, pregnant women, and people recovering from protein deficiency  
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show found in people that are starving, suffering from sever stress such as burns injuries, infection and fever  
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What is the protein balance of healthy adults?   show
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show it is degraded and stored as body fat  
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show by dismantling proteins to obtain it  
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show lysine, methionine, theronine and tryptophan  
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What is a complete protein?   show
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show the strategy of combining two protein foods in a meal so that each food provides the essential amino acids lacking in the other  
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what is the digestabiliy of animal proteins   show
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what is the digestability of plant proteins?   show
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show a protein that is complete and highly digestable. used as a standard to compare other proteins. Ex: Egg  
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show a dificency of protein, energy or both including kwashiorkor, marasmus and the overlap conditions of the two. Usually strikes in early childhood  
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How do you prevent PEM?   show
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How is animal protein and heart disease reltated?   show
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show bone loss, weight control, kidney disease, cancer and heart disease  
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show 0.8 g per kg of healthy body weight  
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What is the most effective way to build muscles?   show
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Who are amino acid supplements extremly inappropriote for?   show
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show The sun  
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show By trapping the engery in bonds of sugar and starches.  
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show glucose, fatty acids and amino acids  
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show the sum total of all the chemical reactions that go on in living cells.  
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show includes all the reactions by which the body obtains and spends energy from food.  
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Anabolic reactions   show
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show the breakdown of body components. realeases energy.  
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what are coupled reactions?   show
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show adenosine triphosphate: a common high energy compound composed of a purine (adenine) and sugar (ribose) and three phosphate groups.  
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How effiecent is the human body at converting food to usable energy?   show
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show The liver  
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show small organic molecules that associate closely with most enzymes but are not proteins themselves. Ex. Most vitamins  
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What is deamination?   show
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What is transamination?   show
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show A less toxic compound created by combining toxic amonnia and carbon dioxide  
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show kidneys filter the blood removing urea then clears it from the body.  
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If the liver is sick what level will be high in the blood?   show
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If the kidneys are sick what level will be high in the blood?   show
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show Electron carries pass electrons from carrier to carrier along the chain to release energy which is used to pump protons across the membrane.  
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show Oxygen acts as the final acceptor and forms water with two protons.  
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How much energy per gram do carbohydrates provide?   show
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How much energy per gram do proteins provide?   show
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Why does fat provide the most energy per gram?   show
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What happens when energy intake exceeds the bodys energy needs?   show
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show proteins  
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show muscle wasting, decreased heart rate, respiratory rate metabolic rate and temperature, impaired vision, organ failure, decreased immunity, depression, anxiety and food related dreams.  
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Stages of liver deterioration caused by alcohol consumption   show
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What is the system that metabolizes alcohol and drugs?   show
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What is excess energy stored as?   show
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show 3500 kcals  
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show Gradual what loss because it gives the body time to adjust and new habits are formed.  
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What is the composition of weight gain and loss?   show
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How many kcal/g of energy do alcohols provide?   show
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show meet its needs without takin in too much or too little energy  
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show The physiological drive for food that initiates the food seeking behaviors.  
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show chemical messengers orginating in the hyptothalamus, can be influences by nutrients in the bloodstream, the size and composition of the previous meal, climate.  
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show The want to eat  
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show The feeling of fullness that stops a person from eating more.  
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What is satiety?   show
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show Food cravings caused by bordom,stress, emotions. Eating disorders such as anorexia nervosa ignore hunger.  
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What should you eat the most of to increase weight loss?   show
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show Protein  
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What is the worse type of macronutrient if one is trying to lose weight?   show
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What is consider the control center of eating habits?   show
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What is neuropeptide-y associated with?   show
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show Basal therm genesis, exercise induced thermo genesis and diet induced thermo genesis  
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What is basal metabolism   show
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What is basal metabolic rate?   show
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What is the resting metabolic rate   show
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show increasing lean tissue on the body  
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show The amount of energy needed by a person to adapt to a dramatically changed circumstance.  
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What two components determine a persons energy expenditure?   show
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show fat + lean tissue  
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show a weight within a suggested range for height, a medical history that reflects an absense of risk factors associated with obesisty, a fat distribution pattern that is associated with a low risk of illness and premature death  
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show Body mass index. weight/height  
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show 18.5-24.9  
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