Physiology of Phonation
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| Neurochronaxic Theory | the length of the recurrent laryngeal nerve is 10cm longer on the left
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| Myoelastic-aerodynamic Theory | sub-glottal pressure, bernoulli effect and tissue force
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| Cover body Theory | there are two masses in the vocal folds- connected to each other by a spring (hula dancing)
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| Rate of flow | will increase in a tube at a point of constriction
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| Bernoulli effect | as velocity increases, pressure decreases (energy is constant) and pressure is perpendicular to airflow
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| Sub-glottal pressure | what pushes the vocal folds open
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| Tissue force | recoil (elasticity of the vocal folds)
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| Glottal Cycle | opening, closing and closed phases
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| In the closing phase... | the vocal folds are still open (getting ready to be closed)
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| Jitter | timing variablity between glottal cycles
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| Shimmer | amplitude variability between glottal cycles
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| Laryngeal functions for speech | rocking, gliding and rotating
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| Rocking | lateral, oblique, and transverse arytenoids
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| Gliding | thyromuscularis
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| Rotating | Lateral CricoArytenoid (LCA) and Posterior CricoArytenoid (PCA)
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| Attack | process of adducting the vocal folds
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| Termination | process of abducting the vocal folds
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| Types of attacks | simultaneous, breathy and glottal
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| Simultaneous attack | adduction and respiration at the same time ("zip")
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| Breathy attack | respiration begins before the vocal folds adduct ("harry")
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| Glottal attack | adduction of vocal folds before respiration ("okay")
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| Perceptual terminology | pitch, loudness, length
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| Acoustic terminology | frequency, intensity, duration
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| Interspeaker changes | increase in length, decrease in frequency
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| Intraspeaker changes | increase tension, increase frequency increase mass, decrease frequency increase sub-glottal pressure, (slight) increase of frequency
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| Pitch raising mechanisms | Cricoarytenoid, thyroarytenoid, PCA, increase in sub-glottal pressure
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| What does the cricoarytenoid do to raise pitch? | It tilts the thyroid cartilage forward?
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| What does the thyroarytenoid do to raise pitch? | It tenses the vocal folds
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| What does the PCA do to raise pitch? | It prevents anterior sliding of the arytenoids
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| Pitch lowering mechanisms | Passive (tissue elasticity), active lowering (thyroarytenoid/thyromuscularis) and decrease in sub-glottal pressure
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| What is included in passive lowering of pitch? | tissue elasticity
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| What is included in active lowering of pitch? | thyroarytenoid and thyromuscularis
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| Optimal pitch | vocal fold vibration that is most efficient/appropriate for an individual
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| Optimal pitch varies as a function of what? | age, gender and size (not all-inclusive)
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| Habitual pitch | fundamental frequency usually used (ideally this is close to the optimal pitch)
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| Pitch range | the difference between the lowest and highest fundamental frequencies
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| For most people pitch range is... | about two octaves
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| Optimal pitch for a female is... | 210Hz
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| Optimal pitch for a male is... | 125Hz
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| Optimal pitch for a child is... | 300-400Hz
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| The four states of the glottis: | modal, creaky, breathy, whispered
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| Modal: | space between the glottis is normal- normal voicing
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| Creaky: | arytenoid cartilages are held so tightly that the vocal folds only vibrate on the anterior portion
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| Breathy: | vocal folds vibrate, but are held loosely- air escapes
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| Whispered: | vocal folds DO NOT vibrate, but are tense and tight
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| Modal register: | pattern of vibration used in normal speech- 2 octaves- frequency usually between 125Hz and 500Hz
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| Pulse register (glottal fry): | Folds are very thick and relaxed, and sub-glottal pressure is low. A smaller secondary wave often accompanies every cycle of fundamental. Frequency is usually between 75Hz and 125Hz
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| Falsetto register: | vocal folds become lengthened and extremely thin. Vibrate along the margins and make contact only briefly. Frequency usually between 500Hz and 1000Hz
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| Vocal Pathologies: | Tumor, infection, abuse, psychogenic and organic
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| Types of infections: | virus, bacterial, fungal
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| Types of organic pathologies: | paresis, paralysis, tremor and age atrophy
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| Types of misuse: | vocal or screamer’s nodules, smoker’s edema, ulcerations, and physical trauma
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