PSY2012EXAM2
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| stimuli | show 🗑
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| show | specialized cells that convert environmental energies into signals for the nervous system
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| show | the continuum of all the frequencies of radiated energy
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| show | adjustable opening in the eye
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| show | the colored structure on the surface of the eye surrounding the pupil
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| show | a layer of visual receptors covering the back surface of the eyeball
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| show | a rigid transparent structure on the outer surface of the eyeball
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| show | a flexible structure that can vary in thickness
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| show | to adjust its focus for objects at different distances
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| show | the central area of the human retina
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| vitreous humor | show 🗑
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| show | adapted for color vision, daytime vision, and detailed vision
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| show | adapted for vision in dim light
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| dark adaption | show 🗑
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| ganglion cells | show 🗑
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| show | the axons from the ganglion cells join to form this
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| show | the area of the retina through which the optic nerve exits
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| opponent process theory | show 🗑
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| show | experiences of one color after the removal of another
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| color constancy | show 🗑
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| retinex theory | show 🗑
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| show | a.k.a. Young-Helmholtz theory; states that our receptors respond to three primary colors: blue, green, and red
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| sensation | show 🗑
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| show | the interpretation of sensation information
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| sound waves | show 🗑
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| pitch | show 🗑
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| show | perception that depends on the amplitude of sound waves
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| show | fluid-filled canals of the snail-shaped organ that contains the receptors for hearing
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| conduction deafness | show 🗑
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| hertz (Hz) | show 🗑
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| show | a sound wave through the fluid of the cochlea vibrates all the hair cells, which produce action potentials in synchrony with the sound waves
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| volley principle | show 🗑
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| show | the highest frequency sounds vibrate hair cells near the stirrup end, and lower frequency sounds vibrate hair cells at points farther along the membrane
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| show | detects the tilt of the head, acceleration of the head, and orientation of the head with respect to gravity
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| show | lined with hair cells and filled with a jellylike substance
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| show | report the direction of gravity and excite different sets of hair cells
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| show | skin senses (a.k.a. somatosensory system)
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| show | chemical released by tissues recovering from an injury or reacting to a mosquito bite
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| anterior cingulate cortex | show 🗑
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| gate theory | show 🗑
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| show | neurotransmitter released by intense pain
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| endorphins | show 🗑
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| capsaicin | show 🗑
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| phantom limb | show 🗑
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| show | detects chemicals on the tongue, governs eating and drinking
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| taste buds | show 🗑
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| show | sense of smell
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| pheromones | show 🗑
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| show | condition in which a stimulus of one type, such as sound, also elicits another experience, such as color
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| vomeronasal organ | show 🗑
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| show | the smallest difference that people could detect between one stimulus and another
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| show | the intensity at which a given individual detects a stimulus 50% of the time
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| "hit" | show 🗑
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| "correct rejection" | show 🗑
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| "miss" | show 🗑
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| show | reporting a stimulus when none was present
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| show | the study of people's tendencies to make hits, correct rejections, misses, and false alarms
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| subliminal perception | show 🗑
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| show | the increase or decrease in an object's apparent brightness by comparison to objects around it
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| show | specialized neurons in the visual cortex that respond to the presence of simple features, such as lines and angles
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| Gestalt psychology | show 🗑
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| show | tiny elements combine to produce larger items
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| top-down process | show 🗑
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| figure and ground | show 🗑
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| reversible figures | show 🗑
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| proximity | show 🗑
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| similarity | show 🗑
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| continuation | show 🗑
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| show | imagining the rest of the figure
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| common fate | show 🗑
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| show | simple, familiar, symmetrical figure
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| visual constancy | show 🗑
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| induced movements | show 🗑
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| show | illusion of movement created by a rapid succession of stationary images
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| show | perception of distance (depending on several factors)
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| retinal disparity | show 🗑
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| show | degree to which they turn into focus on a close object
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| binocular cues | show 🗑
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| monocular cues | show 🗑
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| motion parallax | show 🗑
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| optical illusion | show 🗑
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| show | the moon at the horizon appears about 30% larger than it appears when it is higher in the sky
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| show | strands of hereditary material
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| genes | show 🗑
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| show | a single copy of the gene is sufficient to produce its effect
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| show | effects appear only if the dominant gene is absent
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| sex chromosomes | show 🗑
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| show | genes located on the x-chromosome
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| show | occurs equally in both sexes but exerts its effects mainly or entirely in one or the other
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| show | an estimate of the variance within a population that is due to heredity [ranges from 1-0]
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| show | a small initial advantage in some behavior, possibly genetic in origin, alters the environment and magnifies that advantage
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| show | develop from a single-fertilized egg and therefore have identical genes [same sex only]
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| show | develop from two eggs and share only half their genes [like brothers and sisters do]
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| interaction | show 🗑
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| temperament | show 🗑
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| show | inherited condition that, if untreated, leads to mental retardation
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| show | common constituent of proteins
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| show | fertilized egg cell
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| fetus | show 🗑
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| fetal alcohol syndrome | show 🗑
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| show | decreased response to a repeated stimulus
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| dishabituation | show 🗑
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| cross-sectional study | show 🗑
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| longitudinal study | show 🗑
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| show | the tendency for certain kinds of people to drop our of a study
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| show | researchers start with groups of people of different ages, studied at the same time, and then study them again at one or more later times
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| cohort | show 🗑
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| show | an organized way of interacting with objects
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| show | applying an old schema to new objects or problems
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| show | modifying an old schema to fit a new object or problem
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| show | the establishment of harmony or balance between assimilation and accommodation
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| show | birth - 2 years
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| show | 2 years - 7 years
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| concrete operations stage | show 🗑
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| show | 11 years onward
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| show | the idea that objects continue to exist even when we do not see or hear them
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| show | reversible mental processes
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| egocentric | show 🗑
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| theory of mind | show 🗑
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| show | understand that objects conserve such properties as number, length, volume, area, and mass after changes in the shape or arrangement
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| show | mental processes that deal with abstract, hypothetical situations; demand logical, deductive reasoning and systematic planning
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| zone of proximal development | show 🗑
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| attachment | show 🗑
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| identity crisis | show 🗑
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| identity diffusion | show 🗑
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| identity moratorium | show 🗑
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| show | a state of reaching firm decisions without much thought
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| identity achievement | show 🗑
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| midlife transition | show 🗑
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| terror-management theory | show 🗑
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| sex roles | show 🗑
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| androgyny | show 🗑
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| show | partial identification with two cultures
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| show | parents who set high standards and impose controls, but are also warm and responsive to the child's communications
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| show | set firm controls, but tend to be emotionally more distant from the child
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| show | are warm and loving but undemanding
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| indifferent or uninvolved parents | show 🗑
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| behaviorist | show 🗑
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| show | study only the events that they can measure and observe
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| intervening variable | show 🗑
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| radical behaviorists | show 🗑
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| stimulus-response psychology | show 🗑
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| show | between a stimulus such as food and a response such as secreting digestive juices
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| classical (Pavlovian) conditioning | show 🗑
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| show | an event that automatically elicits an unconditioned response
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| unconditioned response (UCR) | show 🗑
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| show | response to it depends on the preceding conditions
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| conditioned response (CR) | show 🗑
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| acquisition | show 🗑
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| extinction | show 🗑
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| stimulus generalization | show 🗑
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| spontaneous recovery | show 🗑
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| discriminate | show 🗑
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| show | users of certain drugs experience progressively weaker effects after taking the drugs repeatedly
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| show | the previously established association to one stimulus blocks the formation of an association to the added stimulus
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| show | a graph of the changes in behavior that occur over the course of learning
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| show | the process of increasing the future probability of the most recent response
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| operant (instrumental) conditioning | show 🗑
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| visceral responses | show 🗑
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| show | movements of leg muscles, arm muscles, etc.
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| show | an event that follows a response and increases the later probability or frequency of the response
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| primary reinforcers | show 🗑
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| show | became reinforcing because of previous experiences
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| punishment | show 🗑
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| show | the presentation of an event that strengthens or increases the likelihood of a behavior
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| show | the individual learns to avoid an outcome by being passive
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| negative reinforcement | show 🗑
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| reinforcement | show 🗑
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| escape learning | show 🗑
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| show | if it prevents the outcome altogether
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| negative punishment | show 🗑
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| omission training | show 🗑
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| show | occurs if responses stop producing reinforcements
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| show | the more similar a new stimulus is to the original reinforced stimulus, the more likely is the same response
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| discrimination | show 🗑
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| show | a stimulus that indicates which response is appropriate or inappropriate
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| stimulus control | show 🗑
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| shaping | show 🗑
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| show | reinforcing each behavior with the opportunity to engage in the next one
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| continuous reinforcement | show 🗑
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| show | reinforcement for some responses and not for other
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| schedules of reinforcement | show 🗑
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| fixed-ratio schedule | show 🗑
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| show | reinforcement occurs after a variable number of correct responses
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| show | provides reinforcement for the first response after a specific time interval
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| variable-interval schedule | show 🗑
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| applied behavior analysis (behavior modification) | show 🗑
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| show | concept that evolution has prepared us to learn some associations more easily than others
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| conditioned taste aversion | show 🗑
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| sensitive period | show 🗑
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| show | we learn about many behaviors by observing the behaviors of others
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| vicarious reinforcement (punishment) | show 🗑
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| self-effacacy | show 🗑
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