PSY2012EXAM2
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
Help!
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| show | energies from the world around us that affect us in some way
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| receptors | show 🗑
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| electromagnetic spectrum | show 🗑
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| pupil | show 🗑
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| show | the colored structure on the surface of the eye surrounding the pupil
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| show | a layer of visual receptors covering the back surface of the eyeball
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| cornea | show 🗑
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| show | a flexible structure that can vary in thickness
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| show | to adjust its focus for objects at different distances
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| show | the central area of the human retina
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| show | light passes through this clear jelly-like substance after passing through the pupil
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| cones | show 🗑
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| rods | show 🗑
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| show | gradual improvement in the ability to see in dim light
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| show | neurons that receive their input from the bipolar cells
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| show | the axons from the ganglion cells join to form this
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| blind spot | show 🗑
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| opponent process theory | show 🗑
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| show | experiences of one color after the removal of another
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| color constancy | show 🗑
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| show | we perceive color when the cerebral cortex compares various retinal patterns
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| trichromatic theory | show 🗑
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| sensation | show 🗑
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| show | the interpretation of sensation information
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| show | vibrations of the air or of another medium
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| pitch | show 🗑
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| show | perception that depends on the amplitude of sound waves
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| show | fluid-filled canals of the snail-shaped organ that contains the receptors for hearing
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| conduction deafness | show 🗑
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| hertz (Hz) | show 🗑
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| frequency principle | show 🗑
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| show | groups of hair cells respond to each vibration by producing an action potential
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| place principle | show 🗑
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| vestibular sense | show 🗑
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| show | lined with hair cells and filled with a jellylike substance
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| otolith organs | show 🗑
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| show | skin senses (a.k.a. somatosensory system)
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| show | chemical released by tissues recovering from an injury or reacting to a mosquito bite
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| show | brain area responsive to the emotional aspect
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| gate theory | show 🗑
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| show | neurotransmitter released by intense pain
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| endorphins | show 🗑
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| show | stimulates receptors that respond to painful heat
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| show | continuing sensations, including pain, in a limb long after it has been amputated
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| taste | show 🗑
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| taste buds | show 🗑
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| olfaction | show 🗑
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| pheromones | show 🗑
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| synesthesia | show 🗑
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| show | set of receptors near, but separate from, the standard olfactory receptors
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| just noticeable difference (JND) | show 🗑
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| absolute sensory threshold | show 🗑
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| "hit" | show 🗑
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| "correct rejection" | show 🗑
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| show | failing to detect a stimulus that was present
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| show | reporting a stimulus when none was present
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| signal-detection theory | show 🗑
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| show | the idea that stimuli sometimes influence our behavior even when they are presented so faintly or briefly that we do not perceive them consciously
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| brightness contrast | show 🗑
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| feature detectors | show 🗑
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| Gestalt psychology | show 🗑
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| bottum-up process | show 🗑
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| top-down process | show 🗑
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| figure and ground | show 🗑
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| show | stimuli that can be perceived in more than one way
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| proximity | show 🗑
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| similarity | show 🗑
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| continuation | show 🗑
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| show | imagining the rest of the figure
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| show | perceiving objects as part of the same group if they change or move in similar ways at the same time
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| good figure | show 🗑
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| show | tendency to perceive objects as keeping their shape, size, and color, despite certain distortions in the light pattern reaching our retinas
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| show | incorrectly perceive the object as moving against a stationary background (apparent movement)
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| stroboscopic movement | show 🗑
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| show | perception of distance (depending on several factors)
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| show | the difference in the apparent position of an object as seen by the left and right retinas
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| show | degree to which they turn into focus on a close object
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| show | depend on both eyes
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| monocular cues | show 🗑
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| motion parallax | show 🗑
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| show | misinterpretation of a visual stimulus
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| moon illusion | show 🗑
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| chromosomes | show 🗑
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| genes | show 🗑
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| show | a single copy of the gene is sufficient to produce its effect
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| recessive | show 🗑
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| show | determine whether an individual develops as a male or as a female
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| show | genes located on the x-chromosome
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| sex-limited gene | show 🗑
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| show | an estimate of the variance within a population that is due to heredity [ranges from 1-0]
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| show | a small initial advantage in some behavior, possibly genetic in origin, alters the environment and magnifies that advantage
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| show | develop from a single-fertilized egg and therefore have identical genes [same sex only]
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| show | develop from two eggs and share only half their genes [like brothers and sisters do]
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| interaction | show 🗑
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| temperament | show 🗑
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| show | inherited condition that, if untreated, leads to mental retardation
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| show | common constituent of proteins
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| show | fertilized egg cell
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| show | about 8 weeks after conception
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| fetal alcohol syndrome | show 🗑
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| show | decreased response to a repeated stimulus
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| dishabituation | show 🗑
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| cross-sectional study | show 🗑
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| show | follows a single group of individuals as they develop
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| show | the tendency for certain kinds of people to drop our of a study
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| sequential designs | show 🗑
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| cohort | show 🗑
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| schema | show 🗑
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| assimilation | show 🗑
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| show | modifying an old schema to fit a new object or problem
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| equilibration | show 🗑
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| show | birth - 2 years
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| show | 2 years - 7 years
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| show | 7 years - 11 years
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| show | 11 years onward
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| object permanence | show 🗑
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| operations | show 🗑
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| egocentric | show 🗑
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| theory of mind | show 🗑
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| show | understand that objects conserve such properties as number, length, volume, area, and mass after changes in the shape or arrangement
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| stage of formal operations | show 🗑
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| show | distance between what a child can do alone and what he can do with help
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| attachment | show 🗑
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| identity crisis | show 🗑
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| show | those who have not yet given any serious thought to making any decisions and who have no clear sense of identity
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| show | considering the issues but not yet making decisions
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| show | a state of reaching firm decisions without much thought
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| show | outcome of having explored various possible identities and then making one's own decisions
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| show | a time when they reassess their personal goals, set new ones, and prepare for the rest of life
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| terror-management theory | show 🗑
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| show | the different activities expected of males and females
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| androgyny | show 🗑
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| show | partial identification with two cultures
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| show | parents who set high standards and impose controls, but are also warm and responsive to the child's communications
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| show | set firm controls, but tend to be emotionally more distant from the child
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| permissive parents | show 🗑
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| indifferent or uninvolved parents | show 🗑
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| behaviorist | show 🗑
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| methodological behaviorists | show 🗑
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| intervening variable | show 🗑
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| show | deny that hunger, fear, or other internal, private events cause behavior
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| show | the attempt to explain behavior in terms of how each stimulus triggers a response
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| show | between a stimulus such as food and a response such as secreting digestive juices
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| classical (Pavlovian) conditioning | show 🗑
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| show | an event that automatically elicits an unconditioned response
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| unconditioned response (UCR) | show 🗑
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| show | response to it depends on the preceding conditions
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| show | whatever response the conditioned stimulus begins to elicit as a result of the conditioning (training) procedure
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| acquisition | show 🗑
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| show | to extinguish a classically conditioned response, repeatedly present the conditioned stimulus (CS) without the unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
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| stimulus generalization | show 🗑
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| spontaneous recovery | show 🗑
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| discriminate | show 🗑
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| show | users of certain drugs experience progressively weaker effects after taking the drugs repeatedly
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| blocking effect | show 🗑
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| learning curve | show 🗑
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| reinforcement | show 🗑
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| operant (instrumental) conditioning | show 🗑
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| visceral responses | show 🗑
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| skeletal responses | show 🗑
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| reinforcer | show 🗑
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| primary reinforcers | show 🗑
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| show | became reinforcing because of previous experiences
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| show | decreases the probability of a response
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| show | the presentation of an event that strengthens or increases the likelihood of a behavior
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| passive avoidance learning | show 🗑
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| show | a kind of reinforcement, and therefore, it increases the frequency of a behavior
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| reinforcement | show 🗑
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| escape learning | show 🗑
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| show | if it prevents the outcome altogether
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| negative punishment | show 🗑
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| omission training | show 🗑
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| show | occurs if responses stop producing reinforcements
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| similar generalization | show 🗑
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| discrimination | show 🗑
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| show | a stimulus that indicates which response is appropriate or inappropriate
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| stimulus control | show 🗑
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| shaping | show 🗑
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| show | reinforcing each behavior with the opportunity to engage in the next one
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| show | provide reinforcement for every correct response
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| intermittent reinforcement | show 🗑
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| schedules of reinforcement | show 🗑
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| fixed-ratio schedule | show 🗑
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| show | reinforcement occurs after a variable number of correct responses
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| fixed-interval schedule | show 🗑
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| show | reinforcement is available after a variable amount of time
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| show | a psychologist tries to remove the reinforcers for unwanted behaviors and provides reinforcers for more acceptable behaviors
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| show | concept that evolution has prepared us to learn some associations more easily than others
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| show | associating a food with illness
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| show | early in first year of life where one learns most readily
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| show | we learn about many behaviors by observing the behaviors of others
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| vicarious reinforcement (punishment) | show 🗑
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| self-effacacy | show 🗑
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