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AP Psych Myers-4
AP Psychology Human Development
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| accommodation | refers to changing an existing schema to incorporate new information that cannot be assimilated.In Piaget's theory. |
| adolescence | life stage from puberty to independent adulthood, denoted physically by a growth spurt and maturation of primary and secondary sex characteristics, cognitively by the onset of formal operational thought, and socially by the formation of identity. |
| alzheimer's disease | a progressive and irreversible brain disorder characterized by gradual deterioration of memory, reasoning, language, and finally, phisical funtioning. |
| assimilation | refers to interpreting a new experience in terms of an existing schema.In Piaget's theory. |
| attachment | an emotional tie with another person, shown in young children by their seeking closeness to a caregiver and showing distress on separation. |
| basic trust | according to Erikson is a sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy - a concept that infants form if their needs are met by responsive caregiving. |
| cognition | all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating. |
| concrete operational stage | the stage lasting from about ages 6 or 7 to 11, children can think logically about concrete events and objects. |
| conservation | the principle that properties such as number, volume, and mass remain constant despite changes in the forms of objects; it is acquired during the concrete operational stage. |
| critical period | the limited time shortly after birth during which an organism must be exposed to certain experiences or influences if it is to develop properly. |
| cross-sectional study | in this study people of different ages are compared with one another. |
| crystalized intelligence | one's accumulated acknowledge and verbal skills; tends fo increase with age |
| crystallized intelligence | refers to those aspects of intellectual ability, such as vocabulary and general knowledged that reflect accumulated learning. Crystallized intelligence tends to increase with age. |
| developmental psychology | a branch of psychology that studies human development in phsical, cognitive, and social change perspectives. |
| egocentrism | in Piaget's theory refers to the difficulty that preoperational children have in considing another's viewpoint. "Ego" means "self" erring and "centrism" indicates "in the center"; the preoperational child is "self-centered." |
| embryo | the developing prenatal organism from about 2 weeks through 2 months after conception. |
| fetal alcohol syndrome | a syndrome that refers to the physical and cognitive abnormalities that heavy drinking by a pregnant woman may cause in the developing child. |
| fetus | the developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth. |
| fluid intelligence | refers to a person's ability to reason speedily and abstractly. Fluid intelligence tends to decline with age. |
| formal operational stage | in Piaget's theory normally begins about age 12. During this stage people begin to think logically about abstract concepts. |
| habituation | decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation. As infants gain familiarity with repearted exposure to a visual stimulus, their interest wanes and they look away sooner. |
| identity | one's sense of self; according to Erikson, the adolescent's task is to solidify a sense of self by testing and integrating various roles. |
| imprinting | the process by which certain animals form attachments early in life, usually during a limited critical period. |
| intimacy | in Erikson's theory, the ability to form close, loving relationships; a primary developmental task in late adolescence and early adulthood. |
| longitudinal study | in this study the same people are tested and retested over a period of years. |
| maturation | biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience. |
| menarche | the first menstrual period. |
| menopause | the time of natural cessation of menstruation; also refers to the biological changes a woman experiences as her ability to reproduce declines. |
| object permanance | the awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived. |
| preoperational stage | in Piaget's theory lasts from about 2 to 6 or 7 years of age. During this stage, language development is rapid, but the child is unable to understand the mental operations of concrete logic. |
| primary sex characteristics | the body structures (ovaries, testes, and external genitalia) that enable reproduction. |
| puberty | the early adolescent period of sexual maturation, during which a person becomes capable of reproduction. |
| rooting reflex | a baby's tendency, when touched on the cheek, to turn toward the touch, open the mouth, and search for the nipple. |
| schemas | are mental concepts that organize and interpret information. They are found in Piaget's theory of cognitive development |
| secondary sex characteristics | the nonreproductive sexual characteristics, for example,female breasts, male voice quality, and body hair. |
| self-concept | a person's sense of identity and personal worth. |
| sensorimotor stage | in Piaget's theory of cognitive stages, this stage lasts from birth to about age 2.During this stage, infants gain knowledge of the world through their senses and their motor activities. |
| social clock | the cultural preferred timing of social event such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement. |
| stranger anxiety | the fear of strangers that infants begin to display at about 8 months of age. |
| teratogens | agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm. |
| zygote | the fertilized egg; it enters a 2-week period of rapid cell division and develops into an embryo |
| theory of mind | people's ideas about their own and others' mental states—about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts and the behavior these might predict. |
| autism | a disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by deficient communication, social interaction, and understanding of others' states of mind. |
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