Fundamentals of Nursing Test 4
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| show | The study of nutrients and how they are handled by the body
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| show | The impact of human behavior and environment. Physiology, psychology, socioeconomics
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| Nutrients | show 🗑
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| Macronutrients | show 🗑
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| show | not synthesized in the body or they are made in insufficient amounts
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| show | Carbohydrates, fats, protein, water
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| show | Required in smaller amounts to regulate and controll body processes
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| 2 types of micronutrients | show 🗑
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| 2 general classes of nutrients | show 🗑
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| show | Carbohydrates, fats, proteins
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| 3 types of regulatory nutrients | show 🗑
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| Energy is measures in? AKA | show 🗑
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| show | Calorie intake > energy expended = weight gain Calorie intake < energy expended = weight loss Calorie intake = energy expended = stable weight
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| show | Energy needed to carry on involuntary activities at rest
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| show | The larger the bodies muscle mass the higher the basal metabolism
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| Energy is measures in? AKA | show 🗑
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| Weight gain, weight loss, and stable weight | show 🗑
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| Basal metabolism | show 🗑
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| muscle mass and basal metabolism | show 🗑
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| show | the basal metabolism is about half the daily energy requirements
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| Body Weight Standard | show 🗑
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| IBW formula for women | show 🗑
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| show | 106 lbs for height of 5 feet + 6 lbs for every inch over 5 feet
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| show | Weight in pounds/ height in inches squared time 703 = BMI
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| show | BMI
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| show | 25 = overweight 30 = obese
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| show | 1 calculate BMR Multiply your weight by 10 for women and 11 for men 2 Multiply your BMR by your activity level 1.2 sedentary 1.3 light activity 1.4 moderate activity 1.5 heavy activity
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| Carbohydrates- 2 types, elements, converted to?, should provide what % of calories? | show 🗑
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| Protein- building blocks, elements, use for | show 🗑
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| show | contain sufficient amounts and proportions of all the essential amino acids to support growth
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| 2 sources of complete proteins | show 🗑
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| Incomplete proteins | show 🗑
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| show | insoluble in water, composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, 95% are triglycerides, no more than 30% of calorie intake
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| Saturated fats- hydrogen, source, cholesterol | show 🗑
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| show | Less hydrogen, found in vegtables, tend to lower serum cholesterol
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| show | Animals
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| How many essential amino acids are there? | show 🗑
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| show | Amino acids that the body needs and can't produce
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| show | 0.8 g /kg per day. 56 g for a woman. 63 g for a man
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| How does the protein need change under stress? | show 🗑
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| show | Occurs when manufacturers partially hydregenate liquid oils so that they become more solid. Raises serum cholesterol. Very bad for you
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| show | 1 cal/kg body weight for men 0.9 cal/kg body weight for women
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| the body converts carbohydrates to ? | show 🗑
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| What organ stores glucose and regulates its entry into the blood? | show 🗑
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| show | recommended daily allowance
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| show | An abnormal accumulation of ketone bodies associated with a low intake of carbohydrates
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| show | 45-65%
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| show | 22
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| show | nitrogen
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| show | By pancreatic enzymes in the small intestine
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| Amino acids in the liver | show 🗑
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| Catabolism | show 🗑
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| Anabolism | show 🗑
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| What measures the difference between catabolism and anabolism? | show 🗑
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| What remains after protein has been metabolized? | show 🗑
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| Location of fat digestion | show 🗑
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| How much saturated fat and cholesterol should a person take in in a day? | show 🗑
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| show | Oraganic componds needed by the body in small amounts
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| show | They are needed to facilitate thousand of chemical activities in the body including the metabolism of energy nutrients
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| Classification of vitamens 2 | show 🗑
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| show | C and B complex. Not stored in the body. A deficiency may develope quickly if they are not ingested daily
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| show | A,D,E,K Stored in the body. Excessive intake of A and D is toxic
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| Minerals | show 🗑
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| Where in the body are minerals found? | show 🗑
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| show | Minerals which are needed in quantities of more than 100 mg a day.
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| show | Calcium, phoshorus, magnisium
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| show | Need less than 100 mg per day
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| 4 examples of micro minerals | show 🗑
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| Water is what percent of an adults body weight | show 🗑
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| show | Infants have more, older adults have less
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| show | 2/3 intracellular 1/3 intracellular
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| Relationship between intercellular fluid and body mass | show 🗑
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| show | Recommended Dietary Allowance- The average amounts considered to be adequate : Has not be established for all nutrients
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| show | Diebetes, some cancers, heart disease, obesity, high blood pressure
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| show | A requirement is the minimum amount needed to prevent a deficiency. the RDA has a safety factor built in for individual variance
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| show | populations
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| Who developed MyPyramid Food Guide | show 🗑
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| What was the food pyramid designed to represent? | show 🗑
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| show | Can be culturally sensitive
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| show | Grain- 6 oz, Meat and Beans- 5.5 oz, Milk 3 cups, vegetables 2.5 cups, fruit 2 cups, oils (small amount)
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| 1990 labeling and regulation act regulates 4 | show 🗑
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| show | 1 men have more muscle mass and need more calories and protein 2 Women may need more iorn
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| show | Body weight 20% above ideal body weight or BMI of 30
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| show | A lack of appetite caused by physical disease of psychosocial causes
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| show | 2/3 rds are overweight, 30% are obese
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| show | 1) damage to intestinal mucosa may interfer with nutrient absorption 2) May impair nutrient storage 3) Damage to liver
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| Economic impact of nutrition wealthy and poor | show 🗑
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| Wht percent of American school children are overweight? | show 🗑
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| show | 1 Imbalanced nutrition as the problem 2 Imbalanced nutrition as the etiology
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| For the greatest chance of success with a diet | show 🗑
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| The second best way of feeding a patient (second to oral) | show 🗑
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| show | Administer nutrients directly into the stomach
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| Short term enteral feeding example with problem | show 🗑
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| Long ter enteral feeding example How insterted | show 🗑
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| show | Wealthy people eat more meat, poor people eat more grains
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| Wht percent of American school children are overweight? | show 🗑
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| show | 1 Imbalanced nutrition as the problem 2 Imbalanced nutrition as the etiology
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| For the greatest chance of success with a diet | show 🗑
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| show | Enteral feeding
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| Enteral feeding | show 🗑
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| Short term enteral feeding example with problem | show 🗑
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| show | PEG Percutaneous Endoscopic Gastrostomy inserted by surgery
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| parenteral nutrition | show 🗑
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| The skin of older adults 5 | show 🗑
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| show | 1) Before a mammogram 2) postop for a mastectomy (removal of the breast) 3) if they cause skin irritation
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| show | 70%
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| show | Females, elderly, and the obese
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| show | Intravascular (in veins)4% body weight interstitial (intercellular fluid) 15 % body weight, transcellular (in pericardial fluid and synovial fluid)1% body weight
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| show | 2600 mL total, 1300 mL by fluid, 1000 mL by food, 300 mL by metabolic processes
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| Total amount of fluid lost per day and broken down by five categories | show 🗑
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| Osmotic pressure depends on | show 🗑
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| Filtration movement occurs from where to where | show 🗑
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| Water moves between the vascular and interstitial compartments through the semi-permeable capillary membranes depending on (2) | show 🗑
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| show | Electrolytes contribute to osmotic pressure of fluid
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| show | Hydrostatic pressure is greatest at the arteriolar end of the capillary (fluid is pushed into the interstitial tissue by filtration) Osmotic pressure is greatest at the venous end of teh capillary where fluid is pulled back into the capillary
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| Sodium concentrations near cells Where found? What is its tendency? | show 🗑
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| show | Uses active transport to move sodium out of the cell and move potassium into the cell.
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| Kidneys- Amount of fluid filtered, amount of urine produced | show 🗑
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| The kidney functions 4 | show 🗑
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| The kidney regulates ECF | show 🗑
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| The kidney regulates electrolyte levels | show 🗑
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| The kidney regulates pH | show 🗑
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| show | The kidney excretes metabolic waste and toxic substances
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| show | The heart pumps blood through the kidney with enough force to form urine
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| Lungs and homeostastis | show 🗑
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| show | Loss of CO2; pH increases and becomes more alkaline
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| ADH and osmotic pressure | show 🗑
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| show | Inrease aldosterone results in increases of Na+ (and water retention) and loss of k+
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| show | Dehydration = decreased heart rate
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| show | Baroreceptors detect changes in pressure in the blood vessels; decreased stimulation (decreased blood volume) results in decreased stimulation of sympathetic nervous system and increase heart rate
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| Angiotensin II causes 3 | show 🗑
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| show | ADH controls the retention and excretion of water by the kidneys; it is the most important factor in determining whether urine is concentrated or diluted
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| show | When osmotic pressure increases (higher sodium concentrations, lower amount of water) the receptors stimulate the release of ADH
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| show | decreases blood pressure and volume
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| show | 1) history of fluid loss 2) Confusion 3) Generalized weakness 4) Vital signs 5) I and O 6) Daily weights 7) lung sounds 8) oral cavity 9) peripheral vein refilling 10)temperature and color of extremities 11) pitting edema 12) Skin turgor
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| show | return to normal in 3 to 5 seconds
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| show | orthostatic hypotention (low blood pressure upon standing)
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| pounds to Liter conversion | show 🗑
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| I and O concern | show 🗑
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| show | Weigh at same time of day with similar clothes at same scale
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| Assess for skin turgor | show 🗑
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| Assess for pitting edema | show 🗑
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| show | milliequivalents per liter mEq/L, or milligrams per deciliter mg/dL
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| Conversion of mEq/L to mg/dL | show 🗑
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| show | chemical activity not weight
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| Electrolytes impact | show 🗑
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| show | In blood plasma
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| show | What is considered normal for an electrolyte value will differ slightly from one lab to another
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| show | Sodium is usually found in larger quantities in the ECF (interstitial and vascular fluids). It diffuses into the intracellular fluid and is pumped out by the sodium potassium pump through active transport
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| Sodium transport between the interstitial fluid and vascular fluid | show 🗑
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| show | Cloride and bicarbonate
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| show | 99% is in the bones and teeth. the rest is extracellular
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| Decreased calcium chain of events | show 🗑
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| show | inc. Ca++ - dec. PTH - Inc. urinary Ca++, dec. bone resorption, dec. GI absorption - restored Ca++ levels
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| show | Ca++, K+, Mg++
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| show | Bicarbonate
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| Acid base balance in blood | show 🗑
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| show | 20 parts bicarbonate = 1 part carbonic acid
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| show | arterial blood gases and the anion gap
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| The anion gap d. | show 🗑
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| A high anion gap means? | show 🗑
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| Values for; normal anion gap, normal anion gap acidosis, high anion gap acidosis | show 🗑
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| Clinical manifestations of acidosis 7 | show 🗑
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| show | Acidosis. The body is constantly producing carbonic acid (H2CO3) and other metabolic acids
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| show | Buffer system, Respiratory system, and kidneys
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| Control of serum pH; buffer system | show 🗑
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| The body's major buffer system; how is it assessed; ratios | show 🗑
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| Three minor buffer systems | show 🗑
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| How does the respiratory system regulate acid-base balance? | show 🗑
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| Kidneys and acid base regulation 2 ways. how effective | show 🗑
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| Bicarbonate is an (acid/base) | show 🗑
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| Buffer systems are a combination of: | show 🗑
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| show | Any acids or alkali added to the blood
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| show | By measuring carbonic acid- bicarbonate rations in the arterial blood gases
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| show | The respiratory system and kidneys
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| Carbonic acid- chemical formula, pH, formed how? | show 🗑
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| Bicarbonate- chemical formula, present with, pH | show 🗑
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| show | 1) cell metabolism produces CO2 which diffused in to interstial tissue and blood 2) Reacts with H2O 3) Forms H2CO3
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| show | They break it down to H2O + CO2, and exhale CO2
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| How do the kidneys process H2CO3? | show 🗑
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| show | In order for pH to remain the same, each part of the sysem must remain at the same ratio 20:1
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| show | An increase in respiratory rate to remove the acid (when combined with H20) from the system
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| show | Decrease in respiratory rate to allow CO2 (thus H2CO3) to build up.
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| show | The kidneys can exchange Na+ for H+, and combine H+ with other chemicals for excretion
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| The kidneys and bicarbonate | show 🗑
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| What is the pH of the following Body Fluids? Gastric Juices, Urine, Arterial blood, Venous blood, CSF, Pancreatic fluid | show 🗑
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