Ecology exam, chapters 8 through 12
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| A female exhibits two major approaches in choosing a mate, selecting either the phenotypic characteristics of the mate or the what? | ability of the male to provide resources
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| A sexual system where a male gorilla mates with several females, forming pair bonds with each of them, is called what? | polygyny
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| A trade-off for having many offspring would be what? | that they would likely be small in size
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| According to the latest data, the global human population is predicted to do what? | peak at 10 billion
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| Altricial young are relatively what? | helpless at birth and require relatively little time for incubation and gestation
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| An advantage to sexual reproduction is what? | increased genetic variability
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| An animal with high fecundity is predicted to have what? | a lower survival rate
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| An individual plant that possesses both male and female reproductive organs is known as ____ | perfect
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| An individual with a large, high quality territory is likely to have what? | increased mating success
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| An insect larva that is immediately ready to move and feed after birth is termed _____ | precocial
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| An r-strategist is characterized by what? | density-independent mortality
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| Early sexual maturity is predicted to result in what? | higher reproduction later in life
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| Guppies were moved from stream A, with a fish that preyed upon adult guppies, to stream B, with a fish that preyed upon juvenile guppies. After 30 to 60 generations, the guppies responded to the increased predation on juveniles relative to adults by _____ | increasing age at maturity
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| Heightened male to male aggression around female mates is likely the result of what? | intrasexual selection
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| Human reproductive systems are best described as what? | dioecious
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| If infant mortality rates are declining, how can the overall population growth rate slow down? | decreased reproductive output
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| In long-lived species of organisms, the primary advantage of delaying reproduction (late maturity) is ____ | larger initial body size during the first reproduction event
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| In the presence of predators, some tadpoles grow larger and more colorful tails to avoid lethal strikes to the head. This ability to respond to the environment via morphological traits is known as _____ | phenotypic plasticity
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| In which of the following groups of organisms are most species iteroparous? | perennial plants
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| Members of the California sheephead fish species begin their life as females and then become males. This is referred to as ____ | sequential hermaphroditism
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| Pacific salmon migrate upstream and after breeding, soon die. They are termed _____ | semelparous
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| Parental care is best developed among _____ | ants and bees
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| Reproductive success of an organism is best measured by its what? | number of offspring that survive to reproduce
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| Small and short-lived plants that rapidly colonize disturbed sites are classified by J. Phillip Grime as ____ | R species
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| Successful reproduction can result in a ______ | lower chance of future reproduction
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| The behavioral, physiological, and energetic activities involved in current reproduction result in _____ | reduced future survival, fecundity, and growth
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| The data in Figure 10.7 support which of the following trade-offs? (Figures are of (1 - tree) relative width of annual rings to the mean number of cones per tree and (2 - fish) absolute fecundity and specific growth rate) | the number of offspring is correlated with growth
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| The K in the term K-strategist refers to what? | carrying capacity
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| The mating system in which males and females mate with one or many of the opposite sex and form no pair bond is known as ______ | promiscuity
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| The preferential selection by a female of a male peacock with the longest tail feathers and the most eyespots on the tail feathers is an example of what? | intrasexual selection
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| The reproductive strategy in which relatively few young are produced at repeated intervals during an individual's life is referred to as ____ | iteroparity
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| These data support the trade-off that ____ (Figure is of (1 - plant) number of seeds per stem and mean weight and (2 - mouse) body mass and litter size) | size of offspring is correlated with number of offspring
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| When one male mates and stays with one female, the relationship is called ____ | monogamous
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| Which of the following is associated with asexual reproduction? a. parthenogenesis b. monoecious hermaphrodites c. hermaphrodites d. monogamy | a. parthenogenesis
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| Which of the following would be most attractive to a female hummingbird? A mate protecting a territory with ____ | many nectar bearing flowers
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| _____ is the number of offspring produced per unit of time. | Fecundity
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| ____ selection occurs when members of the same sex compete for access to the opposite sex | IntrAsexual
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| ____-strategists are competitive species with stable populations of long-lived individuals. | K
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| Allocation of energy to reproduction reduces the amount of resources available for _____ | Growth
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| An organism's _____ is its lifetime pattern of growth, development, and reproduction | Life history
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| Communal courtship grounds, or _______, are areas where makes congregate to display to females. | Leks
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| Habitats that are variable in time or short lived will favor ____-strategists | R
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| Little parental care is required by ______ offspring, which are able to move about and forage for themselves shortly after birth. | Precocial
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| Natural selection favors the age at maturity that results in the greatest number of ____ produced over the lifetime of an individual | offspring
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| Organisms that invest all their energy into growth, development, and energy storage, followed by one massive reproductive effort and then death are called _____ | semelparous
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| The mating system most prevalent in birds is _____ | monogamy
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| The number of seeds produced by a plant is ____ correlated with the size of the seeds. | negatively
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| The objective of reproduction is to maximize the relative ____ of the individual. | fitness
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| The set of phenotypes expressed by a single genotype across a range of environmental conditions is referred to as the norm of ______ | reaction
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| The total energetic costs of reproduction per unit of time are referred to as an individual's _____ | reproductive effort
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| The type of mating system in which an individual female pairs with two or more males is known as _______ | polyandry
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| T/F: All species of animals provide parental care. | False
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| T/F: As the number of offspring produced increases, the probability of their survival decreases. | False
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| T/F: Defending a breeding territory increases an animal's probability of future survival. | False
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| T/F: Extrinsic ecological factors such as the physical environment and the presence of predators or competitors influence age specific rates of mortality and survivorship. | True
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| T/F: Fecundity increases with body weight. | True
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| T/F: In polygynous species of animals, males usually choose their mates, and females, because they are smaller and weaker, must comply. | False
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| T/F: In some species of birds, males with the brightest plumage have the fewest parasites. | True
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| T/F: Most species of vertebrates are iteroparous. | True
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| T/F: Natural selection should favor plants producing small seeds in wet environments and plants that produce larger seeds in dry environments. | True
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| T/F: Polyandry is more common than polygyny. | False
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| T/F: Polygyny is more likely to occur as differences in territory quality increase between territorial males. | True
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| T/F: Semelparity is favored when the external environment imposes high adult mortality relative to juvenile mortality, and mature individuals are unlikely to survive much longer. | True
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| T/F: Sexual dimorphism occurs when males and females are so similar morphologically that they are difficult to distinguish. | False
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| T/F: Species that are r-strategists are usually larger than those that are K-strategists. | False
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| T/F: The phenotype expressed by a single genotype can be affected by environmental conditions. | True
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| T/F: Weedy plants are considered to be K-strategists. | False
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