2nd test
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
Help!
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| Therapsids | Early Mammel like reptiles.
260-265 MYA
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| Mammalian Characteristics | Malius, Incus, Stapes
Heterodont dentition (teeth of many different forms)
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| Archaeopteryx | 1st bird
Avian characteristics: asymmetrical feathers, feathered tail, Furcula (wish bone)
Reptilian Characteristics: clawed wings, toothed beak, not keeled sternum, 3 fingered hand, more reptilian lungs.
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| oviraptor | maniraptoran theropod
protected eggs similarly to most modern birds
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| First Land plants | Ordovician period
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| Age of fish and 1st theropods | Devonian Period
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| Mesozoic era | Age of dinosaurs
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| Age of mammals | Cenozoic era
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| Plate tectonics | the formation of major structures on earth's surface due to movement of the plates of earth's crust.
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| Continental Drift | the movement of the continent on various plates of earth's crust
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| Pangea | "All Land" the supercontinent that resulted from all the land masses coming together
245 MYA (end of paliozoic)
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| Laurasia | Northern land mass
135 MYA
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| Gondwana | Southern Land Mass
135 MYA
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| Endemism | A relative term used to describe an organism found only in one particular region
(the size of the region can vary)
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| Permian Mass Extinction | Tremendous increase in volcanic activity
large increase in ash, lava and the release of CO2
some 96% of marine species extinct,
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| cretaceous mass extinction | dinos extinct
many plant species extinct
50% of marine organisms extinct
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| when do the more mass extinctions happen? | at high temperatures
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| Binomial nomenclature | created by Carolus Linnaes
"Two name naming" (genus and a specific epithet)
to indicate a particular, unique organism
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| hierarchical levels of classification | Domain →kingdom →phylum →subphylum →class →order
→family →genus →species
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| Domains | Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya
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| morphological measurements | measuring differences in parts of bones in different organisms
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| how can parasites show differences in organisms | parasites can be taxon specific down to the species of the host
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| Cladistics | cladistics analysis characteristics that are either shared or not shared among a proposed species.
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| macroevolution | the broad pattern of evolution above the species level
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| microevolution | a change in allele frequencies in a population over generations
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| Prokaroyes | lack membrane bound nucleus
1-10 μm in length
DNA occurs in circular loops
many have a cell wall composed of peptidoglycan
reproduce through binary fission
can gain new dna through transformation or conjugation
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| Eukaryotes | have a membrane bound nucleus
10-100μm in length
DNA occurs in chromosomes
has organelles
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| Transformation | the uptake of foreign DNA from surroundings
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| Fred Griffith | developed some of the control for streptococcus pneumonia
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| conjugation | DNA transferred between 2 prokaryotic cells that are temporarily joined together
transfer is always one way
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| Transduction | the process in which viruses carry prokaryotic genes from one host cell to another
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| nitrogen | important in the building of proteins and nucleic acids
78% of atmosphere
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| where is the most nitrogen found? | 4 ∙10⁹ ∙10¹² g N2 in atmosphere
9,500 ∙ 10¹² g in soil and organic materials
6,000 ∙ 10¹² g in oceans
3,500 ∙ 10¹² g in land plants
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| Nitrogen fixation | typically completed by rhizobium in the root nodules of legumes.
requires energy
n2 is converted into NH3, NO3 or amino acids
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| methanogens | archaea that use H2 to reduce CO2 to methane (CH4)
commonly occur in marshes and swamps
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| Extreme halophiles | (salt lovers)
archaea that live in very saline environments
some species need environments 10x as salty as sea water
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| Extreme thermophiles | (temperature lovers)
archaea that live in hot thermal pools (60-80 degrees C)
often acidophilic
some of their proteins are similar to those of eukaryotes
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| Exotoxins | poisonous proteins secreted by prokaryotes
ex. clostridium botulinum is a gram-positive bacteria that produces the deadly toxin for botulism
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| endotoxins | toxins that actually make up the outer membrane of particular types of gram-negative bacteria.
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| gram positive bacteria | has a thick peptidoglycan layer and are stained by the gram staining technique.
ex. mycoplasma pneumoniae
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| cyanobacteria | (blue green algae)
gram negative
complete photosynthesis
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| proteobacteria | largest group of bacteria
ex. rhizobium, salmonella, E.coli.
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| What do prokaryotes of the domain archaea lack? | peptidoglycan in their cell walls
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| histones | help coordinate the structure of genetic materials
present in archaea but not bacteria
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| human use of prokaryotes | sewage treatment - using pseudomonads a type of soil bacteria
industrial products
pharmaceutical products
food industry
antibiotic production
recombined DNA technology
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| protistans | usually unicellular and never form a true tissue
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| endomembrane system | includes
a nuclear membrane
endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatus
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| Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) | ER with lots of ribosomes attached for protein synthesis
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| smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) | ER without ribosomes
involved with carbohydrate metabolism, lipid synthesis, and detoxification reactions.
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| Golgi apparatus | organelle that occurs in stacks of 5-7 membranous sacs.
10-20 in animal cells and several hundred in plant cells
provides material for membranes in the cell
stores proteins
can convert enzymes into their active form
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| Excavata | some species of protistan have an excavated groove on their body
some have reduced mitochondria
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| Kingdom diplomonadida | multiple flagella
simple cytoskeleton
2 nuclei
mitochondria lack DNA and much of the machinery of aerobic cellular respiration
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| Kingdom euglenozoa | some are chemoheterotrophs, photoautotrophs, mixotrophs or parasitic
use a flagellum to pull them
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| kingdom euglenoa | examples are t. brucei ( the African sleeping sickness) and T. Cruzi (changas disease)
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| examples of members of SAR | Diatoms
Brown Algae
dinoflagellates
apicomplexans
ciliates
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Created by:
smbarnett
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