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Therapsids
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Mammalian Characteristics
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bio 106
2nd test
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Therapsids | Early Mammel like reptiles. 260-265 MYA |
| Mammalian Characteristics | Malius, Incus, Stapes Heterodont dentition (teeth of many different forms) |
| Archaeopteryx | 1st bird Avian characteristics: asymmetrical feathers, feathered tail, Furcula (wish bone) Reptilian Characteristics: clawed wings, toothed beak, not keeled sternum, 3 fingered hand, more reptilian lungs. |
| oviraptor | maniraptoran theropod protected eggs similarly to most modern birds |
| First Land plants | Ordovician period |
| Age of fish and 1st theropods | Devonian Period |
| Mesozoic era | Age of dinosaurs |
| Age of mammals | Cenozoic era |
| Plate tectonics | the formation of major structures on earth's surface due to movement of the plates of earth's crust. |
| Continental Drift | the movement of the continent on various plates of earth's crust |
| Pangea | "All Land" the supercontinent that resulted from all the land masses coming together 245 MYA (end of paliozoic) |
| Laurasia | Northern land mass 135 MYA |
| Gondwana | Southern Land Mass 135 MYA |
| Endemism | A relative term used to describe an organism found only in one particular region (the size of the region can vary) |
| Permian Mass Extinction | Tremendous increase in volcanic activity large increase in ash, lava and the release of CO2 some 96% of marine species extinct, |
| cretaceous mass extinction | dinos extinct many plant species extinct 50% of marine organisms extinct |
| when do the more mass extinctions happen? | at high temperatures |
| Binomial nomenclature | created by Carolus Linnaes "Two name naming" (genus and a specific epithet) to indicate a particular, unique organism |
| hierarchical levels of classification | Domain →kingdom →phylum →subphylum →class →order →family →genus →species |
| Domains | Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya |
| morphological measurements | measuring differences in parts of bones in different organisms |
| how can parasites show differences in organisms | parasites can be taxon specific down to the species of the host |
| Cladistics | cladistics analysis characteristics that are either shared or not shared among a proposed species. |
| macroevolution | the broad pattern of evolution above the species level |
| microevolution | a change in allele frequencies in a population over generations |
| Prokaroyes | lack membrane bound nucleus 1-10 μm in length DNA occurs in circular loops many have a cell wall composed of peptidoglycan reproduce through binary fission can gain new dna through transformation or conjugation |
| Eukaryotes | have a membrane bound nucleus 10-100μm in length DNA occurs in chromosomes has organelles |
| Transformation | the uptake of foreign DNA from surroundings |
| Fred Griffith | developed some of the control for streptococcus pneumonia |
| conjugation | DNA transferred between 2 prokaryotic cells that are temporarily joined together transfer is always one way |
| Transduction | the process in which viruses carry prokaryotic genes from one host cell to another |
| nitrogen | important in the building of proteins and nucleic acids 78% of atmosphere |
| where is the most nitrogen found? | 4 ∙10⁹ ∙10¹² g N2 in atmosphere 9,500 ∙ 10¹² g in soil and organic materials 6,000 ∙ 10¹² g in oceans 3,500 ∙ 10¹² g in land plants |
| Nitrogen fixation | typically completed by rhizobium in the root nodules of legumes. requires energy n2 is converted into NH3, NO3 or amino acids |
| methanogens | archaea that use H2 to reduce CO2 to methane (CH4) commonly occur in marshes and swamps |
| Extreme halophiles | (salt lovers) archaea that live in very saline environments some species need environments 10x as salty as sea water |
| Extreme thermophiles | (temperature lovers) archaea that live in hot thermal pools (60-80 degrees C) often acidophilic some of their proteins are similar to those of eukaryotes |
| Exotoxins | poisonous proteins secreted by prokaryotes ex. clostridium botulinum is a gram-positive bacteria that produces the deadly toxin for botulism |
| endotoxins | toxins that actually make up the outer membrane of particular types of gram-negative bacteria. |
| gram positive bacteria | has a thick peptidoglycan layer and are stained by the gram staining technique. ex. mycoplasma pneumoniae |
| cyanobacteria | (blue green algae) gram negative complete photosynthesis |
| proteobacteria | largest group of bacteria ex. rhizobium, salmonella, E.coli. |
| What do prokaryotes of the domain archaea lack? | peptidoglycan in their cell walls |
| histones | help coordinate the structure of genetic materials present in archaea but not bacteria |
| human use of prokaryotes | sewage treatment - using pseudomonads a type of soil bacteria industrial products pharmaceutical products food industry antibiotic production recombined DNA technology |
| protistans | usually unicellular and never form a true tissue |
| endomembrane system | includes a nuclear membrane endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus |
| Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) | ER with lots of ribosomes attached for protein synthesis |
| smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) | ER without ribosomes involved with carbohydrate metabolism, lipid synthesis, and detoxification reactions. |
| Golgi apparatus | organelle that occurs in stacks of 5-7 membranous sacs. 10-20 in animal cells and several hundred in plant cells provides material for membranes in the cell stores proteins can convert enzymes into their active form |
| Excavata | some species of protistan have an excavated groove on their body some have reduced mitochondria |
| Kingdom diplomonadida | multiple flagella simple cytoskeleton 2 nuclei mitochondria lack DNA and much of the machinery of aerobic cellular respiration |
| Kingdom euglenozoa | some are chemoheterotrophs, photoautotrophs, mixotrophs or parasitic use a flagellum to pull them |
| kingdom euglenoa | examples are t. brucei ( the African sleeping sickness) and T. Cruzi (changas disease) |
| examples of members of SAR | Diatoms Brown Algae dinoflagellates apicomplexans ciliates |
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smbarnett
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