Chapter 3
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each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
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| The process by which water travels in a sequence from the air to Earth and returns to the atmosphere is referred to as the ________ cycle. | Water (or hydrologic)
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| A ________ tide occurs when the Moon and Sun are at right angles to the Earth. | neap
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| A scientist measures the temperature of a lake at various depths and finds very little variation between temperatures at the surface and at the bottom of the lake. The temperature measurements were most likely taken in a _______ | temperate lake during winter.
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| A solution with a pH of 3 is ______ | is more alkaline than a solution with a pH of 2
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| About 75% of the Earth's surface is covered by what? | Water
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| An organism that lives in a deep marine environment may exhibit all the following physical characteristics, except a. large eyes. b. streamlined body. c. bioluminescence. d. colorful skin pigmentation. | d. colorful skin pigmentation.
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| Aquatic organisms are unable to tolerate low pH conditions mainly because acidic waters contain high concentrations of toxic what? | aluminum
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| Aquatic organisms generally require less structural support (e.g., skeletons) due to water's high what? | buoyancy
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| As light enters water, the last wavelengths absorbed are what color? | blue wavelengths
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| Concentrations of solutes are greatest in where? | oceans
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| Daily and seasonal fluctuations in temperature, salinity, and dissolved gases are most extreme in _______ | the estuary
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| How does an increased atmospheric CO2 concentration result in increased ocean acidity? | CO2 reacts with water to form H2CO3
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| In a stream that flows over limestone you would predict there would be higher what? | solute concentrations
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| In comparison with the epilimnion of a lake, the water of the hypolimnion is what? | cooler
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| In panel B of the figure, what might cause the Aragonite saturation state to begin increasing? | reduction in ocean acidification
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| Molecules spontaneously move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration in a process known as what? | diffusion
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| Most of Earth's water resides in where? | the oceans
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| Salinity within an estuary is greatest in _______ | deep water at low tide
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| The density of water is greatest at ______ | 4°C.
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| The depth of a thermocline is directly influenced by all the following factors, except a. wave action. b. wind speed. c. influx of water. d. input of solar radiation. | c. influx of water.
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| The energy driving the global water cycle is provided by what? | solar energy
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| The evaporation of water from internal surfaces of leaves, stems, and other living parts of a plant is called what? | transpiration
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| The individual atoms of a water molecule are held together by what? | covalent bonds
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| The primary ions that contribute to the salinity of ocean waters are what? | sodium and chloride
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| The primary sources of oxygen in a water body are the atmosphere and what? | photosynthesis
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| The purest form of water containing the fewest solutes occurs in what? | clouds
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| The streamlined body shape of many aquatic organisms that swim helps reduce frictional resistance caused by water's high what? | viscosity
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| The upper layer of warm, less dense water is referred to as the what? | epilimnion
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| Tides are strongest when _______. | Earth, Moon, and Sun are in line.
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| Water takes longer than air to warm up or cool off because of water's high _______. | specific heat
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| What might make the winter profile for oxygen concentration in winter appear more like the fall profile? | ice formation on the surface and few decomposers at the lake bottom
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| Why are fall and spring temperatures colder in deeper areas of lakes than they are in the winter? | Lake stratification causes colder water to sink in spring and fall
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| Why do mountain streams have rocky bottoms? | Steep gradients cause high velocity flows
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| You are monitoring a section of a creek that has recently been logged. What would you predict about the change in the average water temperature in that section? | It would increase
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| You are SCUBA diving in deep water and accidentally cut yourself. Your blood appears blue. Why? | Red light is filtered out at this depth.
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| You notice mayfly larvae trying to emerge from a stream being slowed down when they reach the surface. Why might this be? | Because of the surface tension of the water.
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| __________ is the source of frictional resistance to objects moving through water. | Viscosity
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| _______ solutions are those that have a higher concentration of OH- (hydroxyl ions) than H+ ions | Alkaline
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| A liquid that is a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances is called a _________ | solution
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| A region of _______ occurs where deep waters of the ocean move upward to the surface. | upwelling
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| Aquatic organisms are unable to tolerate low pH conditions largely because acidic waters contain high concentrations of ______. | aluminum
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| As sunlight passes through water, only ______ wavelengths are able to penetrate into deeper water. | blue
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| In the open ocean, concentrations of oxygen reach a minimum value of 500-1000 m, a region referred to as the oxygen ______ | minimum zone
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| Small animals, such as water striders and water spiders, can run across a pond's surface due to _______ | Surface tension
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| The ________ of water is the amount of heat that is required to raise the temperature of water one degree Celsius. | Specific Heat
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| The abundance of hydrogen ions in solution is a measure of ______ | acidity
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| The area lying between the water lines of high and low tide is referred to as the ________ | intertidal zone
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| The movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration is called ______ | diffusion
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| The physical movements of water caused by the gravitational pull of the Sun and the Moon are called ______ | Tides
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| The place where freshwater streams and rivers meet the sea and mix with saltwater is called a(n) ______ | estuary
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| The region of the vertical depth profile where the temperature declines most rapidly is called the ______ | thermocline
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| The solubility of oxygen _____ as water warms. | decreases
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| The total amount of evaporating water from the surfaces of the ground and vegetation is called _____ | evapotranspiration
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| The upper layer of warm, low-density water of an open body of water is called the ______ | epilimnion
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