Speech Science: Exam 1
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| Acoustics | The study of sound
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| Sound is the _______ we feel when acoustic energy enters our auditory system | Sensation
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| For something to be heard there needs to be a _________ | Source and a medium
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| Acoustic energy is energy in form of __________________ that carry the energy from one place to another | Oscillating (vibrating) particles in a medium
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| ________ is the same thing as sound | Acoustic energy
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| Sound | A disturbance in a medium. The disturbance produces a wave that travels through space
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| _________ goes from point A to point B, but NOT a specific particle | Acoustic energy
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| Most common medium is through _______ | Air
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| Macroscopic view | An ocean wave where the surface shows a succession of curves
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| Microscopic view | The wave is about the particles
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| Newton’s First Law of Motion | Once a particle transfers its energy to the next particle, it will remain in uniform motion and gradually the motion will die because of resistance
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| Speed of sound | The distance travelled per unit time by a medium
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| The speed of sound varies from __________ | Substance to substance
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| The speed of sound is measured in? | Meters/seconds
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| In common everyday speech, speed of sound refers to? | The speed of sound waves in air
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| Cycle | Each individual vibration
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| Frequency (f) | The number of cycles completed in 1 second
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| Frequency is measured in? | Hertz (Hz)
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| Period (T) | The time taken for each cycle to complete
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| Wavelength (λ) | Distance travelled by the wave in 1 period (peak-to-pea distance)
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| Wavelength (λ) is measured in? | Meters (m)
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| Amplitude | The size or magnitude of a vibration
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| Amplitude ______ over time as energy is lost due to friction | Decreases
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| Damping | Dying out of a vibration over time
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| Period (T) is time in? | Seconds to complete a cycle
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| Frequency (f) is cycles per | Second
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| Period formula: | T = 1/f
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| Frequency formula: | f = 1/T
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| If the frequency = 20 Hz, what is the period? | T = 0.05 seconds
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| If the period = 0.005 s, what is the frequency? | f = 200 Hz
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| (Sound waves) Simple | Only one frequency (a pure tone)
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| (Sound waves) Complex | Multiple frequencies (all other sounds including speech)
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| Complex waves are made up of a combination of __________ | Simple waves
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| (Sound waves) Periodic | One pattern that repeats itself
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| (Sound waves) Aperiodic | No repetitive pattern (white noise)
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| Periodic waves and aperiodic waves can be __________ | Complex waves
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| Simple waves MUST be _________ | Periodic
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| The simplest form of sound vibration is produced by | Simple harmonic motion
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| Simple Harmonic Motion (SHM) is ______ | Periodic
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| With Simple Harmonic Motion (SHM), the period of the oscillation _________ | Stays constant
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| With Simple Harmonic Motion (SHM), the frequency is __________ | Constant
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| The graphic representation if Simple Harmonic Motion (SHM) is a _______ | Sine wave
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| In Simple Harmonic Motion (SHM) the restoring force is | Proportional to its displacement
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| Elasticity (restoring force) can also be referred to as _________ | Potential energy
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| Inertia can be referred to as | Kinetic energy
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| Inertia and restoring forces (RF) vary continuously during cycle: ______ is stronger when ______ is weak (when times are more displaced); _____ is strong when _______ is weak (around rest position); Interplay between the two forces lets vibration persist | Restoring forces, inertia, inertia, resting forces
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| When displacement is maximum (the swing is far out to the left or right), _______ is strong, pushing the swing back _______ | Restoring forces, downward
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| When displacement is maximum (the swing is far out to the left or right), _______ is momentarily zero as the swing __________ | Inertia, stops and reverses
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| When displacement is zero, ________ is strong. The fastest movement occurs? | Inertia, The swing passes the rest position
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| When displacement is zero, ________ is momentarily zero when? | Resting forces, the swing passes through the rest position
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| (Tuning fork example) Initial impact (your finger touches it) starts movement (________) away from the rest | Displacement
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| (Tuning fork example) _______ allows displacement, but it also causes them to slow down and reverse direction. The tuning fork wants to resume its original shape | Elasticity
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| (Tuning fork example) As the prongs move outward again, they overshoot their original position due to _______ | Inertia
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| (Tuning fork example) However, ________ causes them to slow down, stop momentarily and reverse direction again | Elasticity (resting force)
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| (Tuning fork example) They pass their original position (due to inertia) and the entire pattern _________ | Repeats itself
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| The angle in SHM corresponds to the real angle through which the ball has moved in a circulation, this is called the _________ | Phase angle
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| The uniform _________ motion is intimately related to SHM | Circular
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| What is Newtons First Law of Motion? | When viewed in an inertial reference frame, an object either remains at rest or continues to move at a constant velocity, unless acted upon by a net force
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| What is Newtons Second Law of Motion? | In an inertial reference frame, the vector sum of the forces F on an object is equal to the mass (m) of that object multiplied by the acceleration vector a of the object
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| What is Newtons Third Law of Motion? | When one body exerts a force on a second body, the second body simultaneously exerts a force equal in magnitude and opposite in direction on the first body
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| Longitudinal waves | Particles vibrate alternately in the same or opposite direction or propagation (away from/back toward the source)
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| (Longitudinal Waves) Particles approaching and receding from each other create _________ | Pressure variations
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| (Longitudinal Waves) Rarefactions and _______ | Compression
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| (Longitudinal Waves) Sound in air is _________ | Longitudinal
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| _________ is longitudinal | Speech
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| Transverse waves | Particles vibrate at right angles to the direction of the wave propagation and particles bob up and down as the wave moves across the water
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| Complex sounds | Multiple waves patterns from simultaneous sounds
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| Multiple frequencies from complex sounds are transmitted | Simultaneously
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| (Complex sounds) _________ created by waves bouncing off of objects | Reflected waves
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| (Complex sounds) Adding _____________ together may yield a complex period sound | Periodic sounds
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| Phase | Describes how cycles relate to each other
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| In phase | Waves crest and trough at same time
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| Out of phase | Waves crest and trough at different times
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| Constructive interference | Addition of waves in phase yields high amplitudes
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| Destructive interference | Addition of waves out of phase yields cancellation
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| Complex periodic sounds contain _______________ and repeats itself over time | Two or more frequencies
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| The lowest frequency of a complex periodic sound is the ___________ | Fundamental frequency (fo) or first harmonic (H1)
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| (fo) represents? | Vibration along the whole length of the vibrating body
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| Higher harmonics reflect? | Shorter vibrating segments within the vibrating body
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| H2 represents? | Vibration along 1/2 vibrating body
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| H3 represents? | Vibration along 1/3 vibrating body
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| H₁ (F₀) = | 100 Hz
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| H₂ = | 2 × F₀ = 2 × 100 Hz = 200 Hz
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| H₃ = | 3 × F₀ = 3 × 100 Hz = 300 Hz
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| Higher harmonics are mathematically _________ (whole number multiples) to H1 (fo) | Related
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| Waveform | Time on x-axis, amplitude on y-axis
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| Waveform shows overall _________ of complex wave | Amplitude
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| (Waveform) ___________ not directly represented | Individual harmonics
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| Spectrum | Frequency on x-axis, amplitude on y-axis. A sound spectrum displays the different frequencies present in a sound
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| Spectrum shows the amplitude of each _________ | Harmonic
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| (Spectrum) Shows a single _______________ - no time-varying information | Time slice only
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| Spectrum is obtained by? | Fourier analysis
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| Fourier analysis | Analyzing complex waves into simple components
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