Midterm test review
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| Photosynthesis | Creation plant food
CO2 + H2O thorugh sunlight/chlorophyll = C6H12O6 + O2 + H2O
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| Primary consumers | producers
plants to humans
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| Secondary consumers | plants to animal to humans
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| Angiosperms | Flowering plants
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| Four parts of the flower | Sepals, petals, stamens, carpels
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| Sepal | protects the bud before flowering
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| Petal | attract pollinators
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| Stamen | male sexual reproductive organ
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| Carpel | female sexual reproductive organ
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| Monocot angiosperm | parallel veins, long narrow leaf
vascular bundles scattered
floral parts in 3s or multiples of threes
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| dicot angiosperm | broad leafs, network of veins
vacular bundles in a ring
floral parts in 4s or multiples of 4-5
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| Cotyledon | first leaf that plant produces when the bud spilts
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| Fundamental Properties of life | Growth and reproduction, ability to respond, ability to evolve and adapt, metabolism, Organized structure, Organic compositon
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| Four compounds of living organisms | Carbs, Proteins, Lipids, Nucleic Acids
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| Carbs | made of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
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| Protein | source of energy and structural material
contains C, H, O, nitrogen and sulfur
storage and structure molecules
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| Lipids | triglycerides, phospholipids and steroids
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| Triglycerides | fats and oils
form glycerol and three fatty acids
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| Nucleic acids | DNA, RNA, Nucleotides that have ribose and deoxyribose
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| Species | Group of related organisms
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| Biological species concept | Group of related organisms which can interbreed and produce fertile offspring
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| Ecological species concept | Defined role in adaptations to the environment
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| Genealogical species concept | Genetic history of the species
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| Taxomonic Hierarchy | Kingdom, Division, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
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| Kingdom | Group of related divisions
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| Divsion | Group of related classes
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| Class | Group of related orders
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| Order | Group of related families
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| Family | Group of related genera
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| Genus | Group of related species
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| Binomial formula | First word is a noun and capitalized which indicates the genus. The second word is not capitalized and indicates the species within the genus.
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| Types of roots | Fibrous and Taproots
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| Taproots | One large root
Ex. turnips, carrots, beets
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| Fibrous roots | have diffused roots or a network of thin roots
ex. grasses
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| Root tip major areas | Root cap, zone of cell division, zone of elongation, zone of maturation
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| Zone of maturation important roles | Develops root hairs which expand the surface area of the roots, making water and nutrients more accessible to the plant.
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| Role of the root cap | protects the zone of cell division
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| Role of zone of cell division | where the primary growth takes place (stem cells)
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| Role of zone of cell elongation | where the cells elongate
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| Types of stems | monocot stems and dicot stems
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| Vascular bundles | Made of xylem and phloem
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| Make up of monocots stems | Scattered vascular bundles
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| Make up of dicot stems | Vascular bundles organized in a ring around the pith
Dicot stems can either be herbaecous or woody.
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| Dendrochronology | Study of ancient tree rings
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| Pith | made of parenchyma cells
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| Function of leaves | primary photosynthetic organ
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| Parts of the leaf | Blade, petiole, node, stipule
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| Function of the blade | Primary sunlight consumer for photosynthesis. Flat and expanded part of the leaf.
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| Function of petiole | the leaf stalk. joins the blade the rest of the plant together
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| Function of the node | the area where the petiole and stem connect
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| Function of the axillary bud | bud protruding from the area of the node
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| Stipule | small paired appendages, sometimes look like tiny leaf, sometimes look like thorn.
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| Types of leaf composition | Simple, palmately compound, pinnately compound
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| Simple leaf composition | has the axillary bud
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| Palmately compound composition | Has leaflets with common/same attachment point.
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| Pinnately compound composition | has feather-like structure in the leaflets.
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| Arrangements of leaves | Opposite, alternate, whorled
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| Opposite leaf arrangement | two leaves are present, the connection point for both leaves (nodes) are the same. Looks mirrored
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| Alternate leaf arrangement | one leaf is present at the node. each leaf is staggered
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| Whorled leaf arrrangement | multiple leaves are present at each node.
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| Venation types | parallel or net
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| Reason for knowing composition and arrangement of leaves | for identification via the dichotomous key (answering a series of yes or no questions that lead to the answer)
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| Floral organs are inserted on | the receptacle which is expanded on the pedicel (flower stalk)
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| Calyx | Collective name for sepals
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| Corolla | collective name for carpels
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| Perianth | Calyx + corolla
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| Parts of the stamen | Filament, which connects to the anther, which has pollen chambers that hold pollen
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| Androcenium | collective name for all parts of the stamen
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| Parts of the carpel | stigma, which connects to the style, which contains the ovary that has multiple ovules
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| Gynoecium | collective name for all parts of the carpel
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| Pollination | The transfer of pollen from anther to the stigma
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| Types of pollination | self-pollination, cross-pollination
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| Methods of pollination | animal pollination, wind pollination
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| Incomplete flower | doesn't have any of the 4 structures of the flower
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| Perfect flower | when carpels and stamens are present even with perianth gone
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| Imperfect flower | when perianth present but carpels and stamen are gone
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| tepals | collective term for sepals + petals in modified flowers
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| Monoecious flowers | plant contains both staminate and carpellate flowers
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| Staminate and Carpellate flowers | unisexual flowers
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| Dioecious flowers | plant has only one of the unisexual flowers
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| Self-pollination | pollen transfer within the same plant
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| Cross-pollination | pollen transfer across different plants.
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| Animal pollination | uses animals like bees, butterflies and birds to transfer pollen. The animals are attracted to nectar guides seen within colours of the flower petals. They are also attracted to essential oils (scent) of the flower. They also love consuming nectar.
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| Wind pollination | higher chance of producing imperfect plants; pollen transferred by wind. the plants produced tend to be smaller and thinner in size.
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| Double fertilization | when two sperm, two eggs and two polar nuclei participate in the fertilization process.
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| Post fertilization process | One sperm fertilizes one egg and makes a zygote --> embryo
One sperm connects with the two polar nucleim --> endosperm nucleus --> endosperm
Ovary will expand and --> fruit
Ovules fertilized --> seeds
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| Fruit types | Fleshy and Dry
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| Fleshy fruit stypes | Simple, Multiple, Aggregate
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| Parts of flesh fruit | Exocarp
Mesocarp
Endocarp
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| Types of simple fleshy fruit | Berry - tomato, grapes, blueberries
Hesperidium - citrus fruit
Pepo - pumpkins, melons, cucumbers
Drup - cherries, peaches, plums, mangos
Pome - apple, pear
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| Types of dry fruits | Dehiscent and Indehiscent
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| Multiple fruit | Pineapple - forms when ovaries of individual flowers in a flower cluster fuse
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| Aggregate | Strawberries or blackberries - made from collections of fruits that develop from many separate carpels of a single flower.
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| Dehiscent fruit | follicles, legumes, capsules - split open when ripe and release their seeds
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| Indehiscent fruit | sunflower seeds, samara, nuts - don't split open when ripe
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| Tomatoes | Solanum lycopersicum
Native to central and south america
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| Supreme court and the tomato | basically, bc tomatoes are used in the kitchen and generally eaten with food, and also not considered a dessert like other fruits, the tomato is legally declared a vegetable, although botanically it is a fruit.
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| Apples | Malus pumila
Native to central and western Aisa
Kept as a tree, grow better in cooler climate to flower, bee pollinated
Grafting
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| Oranges and Grapefruit | Citrus family
needs below 55 degrees F to turn orange
Southeast Asia origin
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| Phloem | organic solutes that travel in all directions
companion cells
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| Chesnuts | Origin in North America, Asia, Europe and Africa
Each husk bears 3 nuts
Monoecious
Valuable wood from the tree
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| Pecans | Carya illinonensis
Monoecious
Drupe
Native to southcentral North America
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| Meristems | Stem cells of the plant
Sites of cell division
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| Types of Meristems | Apical
Lateral
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| Apical meristem | primary growth source
grows in length
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| Lateral meristem | secondary growth source
grows in width
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| Permanent tissue categories | Dermal
Ground
Vascular
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| Dermal tissue types | Epidermal and Peridermal
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| Epidermal tissues | Found in young and nonwoody plants
cuticle of cutin
Guard cells control how much water goes into the plant cell; also guards stomata
trichomes (leaf hairs fuzzy)
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| Peridermal tissues | found in woody stems and roots.
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| Ground tissues types | Parenchyma, Collenchyma, Sclerenchyma
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| Parenchyma tissues | Essentially a big storage warehouse
Where photosynthesis occurs
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| Collenchyma tissues | Primary walls
Support
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| Sclerenchyma tissues | Made of fibers and sclereids
Secondary Walls
support
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| Vascular tissue types | Xylem and Phloem
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| Xylem tissues | water and minerals transport conducted upwards
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| Phloem tissues | Organic solutes conducted in all directions but mostly downwards
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| Oak tree cork cells | First plant studied for cells
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| Major differences between plant and animal cells | Plants cells have:
Cell walls made of cellulose
Plastids
Large central vacuole that provides turgor pressure
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| The cell wall parts | Primary wall (cellulose)
secondary wall (lignin)
Plasmodesmata
middle lamella (pectin)
Entire thing called protoplast
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| Cytoplasm | All plant organelles distributed through cytosol
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| Cytoskeleton | microfilaments + microtubules + scaffolding
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| Plastids | Chloroplast
Chromoplast
Leucoplast
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| Chloroplast | Disk-shaped
Photosynthesis occurs in this
Green pigment found in thylakoids which are in granum stacks collectively called stroma
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| Chromoplasts | give orange, red and yellow pigments
pigments are known as carotenoids
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| Leucoplasts | colourless
stores particularly starch
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| The central vacuole | Contains tonoplast membrane
Provides turgor pressure to the plant
Kale has high levels of calcium oxalate to turgor pressure which is dangrerous in high consumption
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| Tannosome | made of tannins and come from thylakoids
importance in production of leather as well as the taste in wine and black tea.
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Created by:
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