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| AAC | augmentative and alternative communication
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| AAC makes up | all forms of communication other than oral
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| Who uses AAC? | 4 mill people in the U.S, temporary or permanent
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| What is assistive technology? | an umbrella term for any technology, device, or equipment designed to enhance the functional capabilities of individuals with disabilities.
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| Unaided AAC | no external equipment used, use of gestures
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| Aided AAC | some type of equipment or device--rages with sophistication
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| No Tech AAC | does not involve technology and use readily available materias such as alphabet boards or paper and pencil
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| Low Tech AAC | simple to use technology with limited pragmatics. few moving parts.
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| Mid Tech AAC | have some amt of electrical power and speech generation capabilities--limited customization
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| High Tech AAC | complex and sophisticated electronic devices that may require training
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| Patient Assessments for AAC | depends on the cognitive and motor ability of the person, vocabulary, and use of the system
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| Device Assessments for AAC | arrangement/size of symbols, types of symbols, portability,, output method
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| Selection Assessments for AAC | vocab reflecting the users individual preferences and desires.
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| Other considerations for AAC | positive AAC culture that individualizes content and uses meaningful interactions
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| incidence of hearing loss | 20% of americans, 1/3 adults over 65
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| childhood hearing loss | interferes with school, speech, difficulties in listening environments,
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| adulthood hearing loss | stress, irritability and fatigue, isolation
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| deaf | when hearing loss reaches 90dB or higher
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| deaf community | deaf indivuduals
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| deaf culture | rich traditions, folklore, and contributions to the arts
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| audiology | the prevention and assessment of auditory, vestibular, and related impairments
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| habilitation | teaching skills that were never developed
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| rehabilitation | relearning skills that were loss
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| component one of hearing loss | energy source- air that is exhaled
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| component two of hearing loss | vibrating object- larynx;vocal folds
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| component three of hearing loss | medium to conduct vibrations-air to conduct
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| component four of hearing loss | receptor to recieve information-ear and brain
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| sound | series of compressions and rarefractions that move outward from a vibrating source
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| amplitude | the distance the vibrating object travels in either direction
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| frequency | refers to the number of cycles of vibration per second
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| peripheral auditory system | made up of outer ear, middle ear, inner ear, the vestibulocochlear nerve
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| central auditory system | auditory brain stem, auditory cortex of the brain
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| outer ear | consists of the pinna and external auditory meatus
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| pinna | enhances sound and facilitates localization
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| cerumen | hair follicles and glands that produce earwax
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| tympanic membrane (middle ear) | vibrates in response to sound waves
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| middle ear space (middle ear) | air-filled, lined with mucous membranes, and includes the opening to the Eustachian tube.
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| Eustacian tube (middle ear) | connects middle ear with the nasopharynx
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| other parts of middle ear | melleus, incus, stapes (ossicles)
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| cochlea (inner ear) 1ST COMPONENT | provides auditory input to central auditory system in brainsteam and brain
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| perilymph & endolymph (innerear) | two networks or labyrinths that regulate the electrical impulses of hair cells.
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| organ of Corti (inner ear) | produces nerve impulses
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| basilar membrane(inner ear) | contains thousands of hair cells that connect to auditory nerve endings
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| hair cells( inner ear ) | convert sound waves into electrical signals
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| neuroelectrical energy | generated and transmitted to the acoustic branch of the vestibulocochlear nerve.
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| vestibular system 2ND COMPONENT | controls balance through the vestibular branch of the vestibulocochlear nerve
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| conductive hearing loss | outer and middle ear
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| sensorineural hearing loss | inner ear
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| mixed hearing loss | both conductive and sensorineaural hearing loss
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| normal hearing range | 0-25dB
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| profound range | > 90 dB
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| conductive loss is from | deformation, malfunction, or obstruction of the outer or middle ear; impacts audibility
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| three outer ear disorders | anotia, microtia, atresia
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| anotia | absence of the pinna on one or both sides
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| microtia | small, malformed pinna that does not result in loss of hearing sensitivity by itself
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| atresia | closure of the auditory canal
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| two middle ear disorder | otosclerosis and otitis media
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| otosclerosis | replacement of healthy bone w/ spongy bone in the area of the stapes footplate; results in reduced mobility of the stapes
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| otitis media | inflammation of the mucous membrane lining the middle ear--eustacian tube dysfunction
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| inner ear disorders | absence, malformation or damage to inner ear structures that are permanent.
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| sensorineural loss w/ hearing loss | factors that influence the effects of the loss on speech, language, and cognition
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| causes of sensorineural loss | meningitis, ototoxic antibiotics, presbycusis, acoustic
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| pure tone audiometry | determines the threshold of frequency within the ear from ranges of 250-8000Hz
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| pure tones | sounds that contain energy at a single frequency
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| threshold | lowest intensity at which a person can detect a stimulus 50% of the time
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| hard of hearing/hearing impaired | hearing loss falls in the slight/mild-severe range
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| deaf | auditory thresholds fall in profound range
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| air conduction test | administered while the client wears headphones
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| bone conduction | administered w/ a bone oscillator directly stimulating the cochlea
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| hearing aids | contains a microphone, amplifier, reciever, and processor.
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| whats the treatment for conductive? | hearing aids
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| whats the treatment for sensorineural? | cochlear implants
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| cochlear implants | bypasses damaged hair cells of cochlea and directly stimulate the auditory nerve fibers w/ electrical energy
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| dysphagia | disordered swallowing
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| impact of dysphagia | major social activity, parent-child relationship, isolation
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| aspiration pnumonia | choking that leads into the lungs
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| primary diagnosis of dysphagia | cerebral palsy, autism, cleft lip
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| oral prep phase | tongue cups to hold food/drink > tongue lateralizes for bolus creation > bolus held in mouth by sofr palate
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| bolus | mass of food shaped into a form to be swallowed in one collective piece.
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| oral transport phase | bolus formed > front to back of the mouth > pharyngeal swallow
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| pharyngeal phase | velum raises for bolus > base of tongue touches pharyngeal > upper esophageal segment opens for bolus
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| esophageal phase | bolus enters esophagus > peristalsis moves bolus into stomach
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| peristalsis | rhythmic, wavelike contractions
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| reduced lip seal | drooling; spillage
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| reduced chewing | poor bolus formation, poor anterior-posterior propulsion
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| sensory aversions | structutes + capabilities may be related to sensitivity to textures
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| delayed swallow trigger | penetration or aspiration
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| penetration | food/liquid enters the airway about VF
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| aspiration | food/liquid enters airway below VF
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| poor velopharyngeal port closure | food/liquid escapes thru nose
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| reduced base of tongue to pharyngeal wall approx. | residue in pharynx
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| reduced hyolaryngeal elevation | epiglottis doesnt protect airway opening
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| reduced pharyngeal muscle strength | residue in pharynx
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| reduced opening of the upper esophageal segment | residue in the pharynx
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| slow peristalisis | slowing of movement of food from esophagus to stomach
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| major components of DX of swallowing disorders | 1. case history: symptoms & complaints 2. exampinaltion of oral 3. food trials
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| aspiration | watery eyes, throat clearing, wet vocal quality, changes in breathing, coughing, burping, fevers, food "stuck in throat"
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| videofluoroscopic swallow study (VFSS) | xray procedure
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