anatomy 1
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show | The scientific study of muscles.
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Skeletal Muscle Tissue | show 🗑
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Cardiac Muscle Tissue | show 🗑
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show | The heart beats because it has a pacemaker that initiates each contraction. A built in rhythm.Several hormones and neurotransmitters can adjust heart rate by speeding or slowing the pacemaker.
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show | Located in the walls of hollow internal structures, such as blood vessels, airways, and most organs in the abdominopelvic cavity. Also found in the skin, attached to hair follicles.
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show | Movements of the whole body such as walking and running,and localized movements such as grasping a pencil or nodding the head as a result of muscular contractions, rely on the integrated functioning of skeletal muscles, bones, and joints.
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show | Skeletal muscle contractions stabilize joints and help maintain body positions such as standing or sitting. Postural muscles contract continuously when you are awake: for example, sustained contractions of your neck muscles hold your head upright.
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Storing and Moving Substances Within The Body | show 🗑
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Thermogenesis | show 🗑
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show | A property of both muscle and nerve cells,the ability to respond to certain stimuli by producing electrical signals called action potentials.
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Contractility | show 🗑
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show | The ability of muscular tissue to stretch without being damaged.
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Elasticity | show 🗑
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Muscle Fibers | show 🗑
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Subcutaneous Layer | show 🗑
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Epimysium | show 🗑
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show | Surrounds groups of 10-100 or more muscle fibers,seperating them into bundles called fascicles.
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show | The Seperation of muscle fibers, large enough to be seen with the naked eye.
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Endomysium | show 🗑
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Tendon | show 🗑
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show | When the connective tissue elements extend as a broad, flat layer (tendon)
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Tendon (synovial) Sheats | show 🗑
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Hypertrophy | show 🗑
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show | Increase in the number of fibers.
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show | The replacement of muscle fibers by fibrous scar tissue.
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show | The plasma membrane of a muscle cell.
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show | Thousands of tiny invaginations of the sarcolemma.
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show | The cytoplasm of a muscle fiber.Includes a substantial amount of glycogen.
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show | Red-colored protein inside the sarcoplasm.This protein found only in muscle,binds oxygen molecules that diffuse into muscle fibers from interstitial fluid.
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Myofibrils | show 🗑
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Sarcoplasmic Reticulum | show 🗑
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show | (reservoirs)Dilated end sas of the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
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show | A transverse tubule and the two terminal cisterns on either side of it.
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Filaments | show 🗑
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show | Is a wasting away of muscles.Individual muscle fibers decrease in size because of progressive loss of myofribils.
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show | Is an increase in the diameter of muscle fibers due to increased production of myofibrils, mitochondria, sarcoplasmic reticulum,and other organelles.
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show | Narrow,plate-shaped regions of dense protein material, seperate one sarcomere from the next.
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show | The darker middle part of the sarcomere, extends the entire length of the thick filaments.
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I Band | show 🗑
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show | Narrow in the center of each A band contains thick but no thin filaments.
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M Line | show 🗑
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Myosin | show 🗑
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show | Main component in Z discs.Individual molecules join to form an actin filament that is twisted into a helix.
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Tropomyosin | show 🗑
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Troponin | show 🗑
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Contraction cycle | show 🗑
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ATP hydrolysis | show 🗑
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Crossbridges | show 🗑
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show | The steps that connect excistation(a muscle action potential propagating along the sarcolemma and into the T tubules)To contraction(sliding of the filaments)
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show | Inside the SR,molecules of a calcium-binding protein.
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Length-Tension Relationship | show 🗑
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show | The neurons that stimulate skeletal muscle fibers to contract.
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show | The synapse between a somatic motor neuron and a skeletal muscle fiber.
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show | A region where communication occurs between two neurons,or between a neuron and a target cell in this case,between a somatic motor neuron and a muscle fiber.
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show | At most synapses a small gap,seperates the two cells.
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Neurotransmitter | show 🗑
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Synaptic Vesicles | show 🗑
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Acetylcholine(ACh) | show 🗑
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show | This enzyme is attached to collagen fibers in the extracellular matrix of synaptic cleft.
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Creatine Phosphate | show 🗑
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show | A small amino acid like molecule that is syntesized in the liver,kidneys,and pancreas and then trasported to muscle fibers.
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show | A series of ATP producing reactions that do not require oxygen.
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show | A series of oxygen-requiring reactions that produce ATP in mitochondria.
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Muscle Fatigue | show 🗑
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show | Refers to the added oxygen over and above the resting oxygen consumption that is taken into the body after exercise.
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Recovery Oxygen Uptake | show 🗑
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Motor Unit | show 🗑
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Twitch Contraction | show 🗑
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show | The record of a muscle contraction.
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Latent Period | show 🗑
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show | Second phase, last 10-100 msec. During This time Ca2+ binds to troponin,myosin-binding sites on actin are exposed and cross bridges form.
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Relaxation Period | show 🗑
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Refractory Period | show 🗑
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show | Phenomenon in which stimuli arriving at different times cause larger contractions.
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show | When a skeletal muscle fiber is stimulated at a rate of 20-30 times per second,it can only partially relax between stimuli.The result is a sustained but wavering contrations.
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show | When a skeletal muscle fiber is stimulated at a higher rate of 80-100 times per second,it does not relax at all.A sustained contraction in which individual twitches cannot be detected.
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show | The Process in which the number of active motor units increases.
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Muscle Tone | show 🗑
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Flaccid | show 🗑
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show | The tension developed by the muscle remains almost constant while the muscle changes its length.
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show | If the tension generated is great enough to overcome the resistance of the object to be move the muscle shortens and pulls on another structure such as a tendon to produce movement and to reduce the angle at a joint.
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show | When the length of a muscle increases during a contraction.
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show | The tension generated is not enough to exceed the resistance of the object to be moved and the muscle does not change its length.
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show | Smallest in diameter and thus are the least powerful type of muscle fibers.They appear dark red because they contain large amounts of myoglobin and many blood capillaries.
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Fast Oxidative-glycolytie(FOG) fibers | show 🗑
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Fast Glicolytic(FG) Fibers | show 🗑
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Cardiac Muscle Tissue | show 🗑
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Cardiac Muscle Fibers | show 🗑
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show | Like cardiac muscle tissue,its usually activated involuntarily.
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Visceral(single-unit)smooth muscle tissue | show 🗑
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show | The second type of smooth muscle tissue,consist of individual fibers, each with its own motor neuron terminals and with few gap junctions between neighboring fibers.
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Caveolae | show 🗑
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Dense Bodies | show 🗑
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show | In one such mechanism, aregulatory protein binds to Ca2+ in the cytosol.
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show | A state of continued partial contraction.
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show | Allows smooth muscle to undergo great changes in length while retaining the ability to contract effectively.
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show | As this develops it becomes arranged in dense columns on either side of the developing nervous system.
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Myotome | show 🗑
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Deratome | show 🗑
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Sclerotome | show 🗑
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show | Cardiac muscle and Smooth muscle develops from these cells. They migrate to and evelop the developing heart while itis still the form of endocardial heart tubes:they migrate to and evelop the developing gastrointestinal tract and viscera.
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